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THE PROBLEMS
AND PROSPECTS OF PRESS CLUB IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background to the Study
In recent
years, educational researchers have emphasized the critical role of the
principal in creating an effective school environment which involves the
development of a strong school culture that prescribes specific goals, roles
and behaviours by educators in and out of class settings (Parkay & Hall,
2009). The effect of extracurricular activities such as the press club, drama
club, civic society, debate clubs, sports etc on secondary school learners
justifies their existence and proper management in secondary schools (Craig,
2000). These activities exist to complement the school’s academic curriculum,
augment the learner’s educational experience and provide a setting for them to
become involved and to interact with other learners. Such involvement extends
to broader community life which implies that the primary goal of
extracurricular activities encapsulate the individual learner, the institution
and broader community (Helfgot, 2005).
In general
the architecture of secondary schools emphasizes sameness including standard
timetables, age-graded classes, extracurricular participation and teacher
expectations. National policies and institutional practices expect principals
and learners to conform to the ideal norm of best practices without considering
different contexts. The effect is that the sameness in schools makes
differences in surroundings, the latter which is responsible for making each
school a distinctive place of its own (Christie, Butler & Potterton, 2007).
Related to best practice is the notion of using the academic grid against which
all school evaluations are measured. The demands for standardised academic output
result in extreme prioritising of the academic curriculum (Dickeson, 2009). As
is the case with school principals in general, principals of secondary schools
are under constant pressure to improve academic programmes in order to
strengthen and sustain their overall achievement reputation (Masteralexis et
al., 2005).
For every
human society the successful conduct of her internal/external affairs depends
largely on the extent of the reliability of government apparatus and the
government successfully communicating, understanding and accepting themselves
in a mutual and symbiotic relationship”- Obaze .A et al (2004).
The need for
information through the establishment of a concrete press club in secondary
schools is such that man can hardly function or determine his course of life
without communication. On account of this, the influential role of the media is
cited in her caprice to direct, redirect, and shoulder the course of altitude
change and instilling/building public perception towards societal affair.There is
no modern society that can dispense with the press especially newspapers and
television. The newspapers especially to places where there are no radio
stations rapidly spread important news. The newspapers give us reliable
information about towns and countries. Many social tools are exposed in one
newspaper to attract the attention of the government, police and the citizens
as a whole so that such evils may be immediately combated. Many articles
written by intelligent people and carried by newspapers contain good ideas with
which we can experiment in our bid to reform the society. These articles have
suggested ways and means by which we can combat tribalism, fraud, serious
crimes, avarice, greed, and extravagance, which are disintegrating forces in
the society.
By impacting
meaningfully through the involvement of Nigeria press vis-à-vis as a social
system in society positioning, it is her duty, responsibility and obligation to
enhance the survival of the vital ingredient of society demand. Which are
unity; structure; inter-dependence; compliance, commitment and conformity; and
transmission of social norms, culture and value. The media is by this gear
towards enhancing the continuity and survival of the total social “gadget.”
The print
media, particularly the medium of newspaper has become the major source of
information dissemination over the years, and also the major means of political
mobilization in Nigeria. Newspaper has the ability to inform, educate,
entertain, enlighten and mobilize the public. That is why the government and
other private bodies give much attention to it. The ability of newspaper to
also mobilize the people and make them behave in a given manner and to perform
certain actions has made it a tool in the hands of the government. The medium
serves as an intermediary between the government and the people, because it
assists the government in getting it plans and policies across to the people,
and the people in return gets their response, feeling and plight back to the
government.Footnoting this trend on the national scale, the challenges that
confront us as young democracy nation in a country of diverse ethnic divide, is
to establish an ideological and structural homogeneity with a common political
destiny and purpose among our diverse ethnic groups, forthwith, the media being
an institution of the larger society is virtually needed to shoulder this
course.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
In order for
secondary schools to be effective in delivering a quality service to their
students, their education programmes need to be managed effectively. This
includes organising and facilitating of all learning activities so that
learners can achieve a rewarding and fulfilling educational experience. To
achieve this, the school principal needs to continuously and systematically
plan all educational programmes along side with extra curriculum activities to
boost academic performance of students (Okumbe, 2009).
One of the
factors affecting proper planning and organising of extracurricular activities
in secondary schools are limited resources across the broad spectrum of
provisioning, namely human, financial and infrastructural resources (Asmal,
2000:3). Some of these resources, for example financial resources, are very
scarce. Most secondary schools function on shoestring budgets and are expected
to fund fragmented extracurricular events. This they have to do notwithstanding
the criticism that the money concerned could have been better utilised for
purchasing learning support materials like learners textbooks and classroom
furniture or improving teachers’ salaries and benefits and supplying them with
additional text books for consultation. An added problem is the lack of
interest on the part of learners attending secondary schools to participate in
extracurricular activities. This creates enormous challenges for the school
principal to develop and maintain a viable and sustainable organisational
structure for extracurricular activities (Seefeldt & Ewing, 2009).
A lack of
incentive to improve their competencies in extracurricular coaching has a
ripple effect on teachers. Few have been in schools where the principal is an
extracurricular enthusiast and in many instances principals do not value the
contribution of sports activities for developing a healthy body to contribute
to the development of a healthy mind (Harrison, 2004). When principals or
teachers do have an interest in one particular sport, the tendency is to focus
on that resulting in neglect of other valuable sporting activities. This leaves
learners with no option but to participate in the sport that is offered even if
they may not have an interest in it. Many may choose not to participate, with
the detrimental effects that follow. (Thomas & Moran, 2000).
Due to all
the complexities related to extracurricular provisioning in secondary schools,
many principals give up on the planning and implementation of an
extracurricular programme in their schools. Effective teaching for successful
learning, however, involves sharing and coordination of all activities that
impact on learners‟ lives in and out of class. Principals are therefore obliged
to motivate themselves and all other stakeholders to contribute to the
realisation of a viable extracurricular programme at school; such motivation
efforts form an integral part of the principal‟s managerial responsibilities
(Buck, Lund, Harrison & Cook, 2007:38).
1.3 Purpose
of the Study
The main aim
of the study is to examine the problems and prospects of press club in secondary
schools. Specific objectives of the study are:
To examine
the problems of setting up and maintaining press clubs in secondary schools in
Port-Harcourt.
To assess
the effectiveness of press clubs towards achieving its objectives in secondary
schools in Port Harcourt.
To determine
the prospects of press clubs in secondary schools in Port Harcourt.
To assess
the effect of press clubs on academic performance of members in selected
secondary schools in Port Harcourt.
1.4 Research
Questions
What are the
problems of setting up and maintaining press clubs in secondary schools in
Port-Harcourt?
How
effective are press clubs towards achieving its objectives in secondary schools
in Port Harcourt?
What are the
prospects of press clubs in secondary schools in Port Harcourt?
How have
press clubs affected academic performance of members in selected secondary
schools in Port Harcourt?
1.5 Research
Hypothesis
HO: Press
Clubs are not effective in achieving the overall objective it was established
in secondary schools in Port Harcourt.
Hi: Press Clubs are effective in achieving the
overall objective it was established in secondary schools in Port Harcourt.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The
importance of setting up and maintaining an effective press club in a secondary
school cannot be over emphasized. The benefits of a press club are enormous to
be ignored by policy makers in the education sector as this club adds more
value to secondary school education by preparing the minds of secondary school
students towards taking up journalism as a career.
Since the
study is relatively new, the study will serve as guide for student researchers
that want to explore more into the subject matter. Findings and recommendations
from the study will further guide students who may have interest in the subject
matter for further research.The study will also aid policy makers in the
education sector to streamline the academic calendar of secondary schools to
accommodate extra curriculum activities such as the press club. Effective management
of the academic calendar with extra curriculum activities will bring out the
best in students.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study
covers Three (3) secondary schools in Port Harcourt, examining the problems and
prospects of the various press clubs in these secondary schools. All findings
and recommendations are based on results from these schools namely, Community
secondary schools Amadi-Ama, Community Secondary School Nkpolu and Girls
Seconarys Schools Orominike.
1.8 Limitation of the Study
Financial
constraint– Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher
in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the
process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time
constraint– The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other
academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the
research work.
1.9
Definition Of Terms
Press Club:
A press club is an organization for journalists and others professionally
engaged in the production and dissemination of news.
Secondary
school: A secondary school is a school which provides secondary education,
between the ages of 11 and 16 or 11 and 19, after primary school and before
higher education.
Extra-Curricular
Activity: Extracurricular activities or Extra Academic Activity (EAA) are those
that fall outside the realm of the normal curriculum of school or university
education, performed by students
Mass Media:
The mass media is a diversified collection of media technologies that reach a
large audience via mass communication.
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