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Adoption of
School Health Programs in Secondary Schools, Ilorin
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
of the study
The Kwara
central zone is made up of Ilorin west, Ilorin east, Ilorin South, Asa and
Mooro local government area and the primary ethnic groups of Kwara state are
Yoruba with significant Nupe, Baruba and Fulani.
Ilorin West
Local Government area of Kwara State is in the transitional zone between
Northern and Southern parts of Nigeria. The Local Government was created from
defunct Ilorin Local Government area in October, and is regarded today as the
premier local council in the state not only because of its historical
antecedent but because of the fact that it hosts the headquarters of the
emirate councils. Ilorin West Local Government plays a dual role of the host of
the state capital and the headquarters of the Local Government area making it
the only metropolitan council. According to the 2006 population figure, the
Local Government has about 364, 666 people thereby putting it at the most
densely populated Local Government Area in the State.
According to
the Trinity Care Foundation 2015, the School Health Program is defined as “the
school procedures that contribute to the maintenance, promotion, enhancement,
restoration and improvement of the health of pupils and school personnel
including health services healthful living and health education”.
Childhood is
the age of learning and it is the time when a child start developing practices
and attitude towards health. It is very important to target the children for
health awareness and demonstration of correct methods for personal hygiene.
School is
considered as place for learning where children learn not only subjective
knowledge but also life style practices and health seeking behaviors. It has
been proven that schools can provide an ideal platform for the promotion of
health. The school as an institution for learning seeks to explore diverse
behaviors from the students among which optimum well-being of the students
cannot be overemphasized. Studies by Idehen (2004) revealed that in many parts
of Nigeria, health instruction in secondary schools was poorly carried out. It
is significant to mention that in whatever function one finds oneself, the most
important factor is good health. If health is lacking, productivity will be
seriously undermined. Thus every health education teacher in Nigeria has the
potential for positively affecting the health status of students. Furthermore,
many students contend with health problems that influence their ability to
learn. For instance, some students are not adequately fed; others lack relevant
vaccination and are vulnerable to various infections and diseases such as
tuberculosis, measles, meningitis, malaria and infective hepatitis. Similarly,
a well-planned health appraisal service is also needed in these schools.
The
committee on National Academy of Sciences (2016) defined a comprehensive school
health program is an integrated set of planned, sequential, school-affiliated
strategies, activities and services designed to promote the optimal physical,
emotional, social, and educational development of students. The program involves and is supportive of
families and determined by the local community, based on community needs,
resources, standards and requirements.
It is coordinated by multidisciplinary team and is accountable to the
community for program quality and effectiveness.
The World
Education Forum in April 2000 in Dakar, Senegal (jointly initiated by UNICEF,
UNESCO, WHO, World Bank, Educational International, Education Development
Centre and Partnership for Child Development), launched the Focusing Resources
on Effective School Health (FRESH) as a strategy for achieving education for
all (EFA). Four main components of FRESH were identified to include school
health policies; water, sanitation and the environment; skill-based health
education; and school-based nutrition and health services.
According to
the WHO, a health promoting school is “one that is constantly strengthening its
capacity as a healthy setting for living, learning and working”. The main goal
of the SHP is to improve the health of learners and staff as responsible and
productive citizens.
According to
Allensworth et.al (1997), while there is no one universally accepted definition
and model of a school health program, the following essential elements should
be considered in designing a school health program.
• Health
Services – Depending on the needs and preference of the community and include
services for students with disabilities and special health care needs and the
traditional first aid, medication administration, and screening services),
counseling, psychological, and social services (which promote academic success
and address the emotional and mental health needs of students), and nutrition
and food services (which provide nutritious meals, nutrition education, and a
nutrition-promoting school environment).
• Health
Education – Addresses the physical, mental, emotional, and social dimensions of
health, physical education which teaches the knowledge and skills necessary for
lifelong physical fitness, and other curricular areas which promote healthful
behavior and an awareness of health issues as part of their core instruction.
• Healthful
School Environment – This focuses on the physical environment involving proper
building design, lighting, ventilation, safety, cleanliness, freedom from
environmental hazards that foster infection and handicaps, safe transportation
policies, and having emergency plans in place, the policy and administrative
environment consisting of policies to promote health and reduce stress, and
regulations ensuring an environment free from tobacco, drugs, weapons and
violence.
• Community
Participation – This is centered on parents and community involvement which
consists of involving a wide range of community stakeholders—parents, students,
educators, health and social service personnel, insurers, and business and
political leaders to develop and form the structure of the school health
program tailored to meet each local community’s needs, resources, perspectives,
and standards.
Akanni (2007)
advanced that School Health Services (SHS) constitute one of the components of
the School Health Program (SHP) and deal with the maintenance of the health of
school children. Effective SHS facilitate early detection and diagnosis of
diseases, whereby prompt intervention ultimately reduces school-age morbidity
and mortality. Physicians are pivotal in achieving this; teachers, parents, and
the government also have vital roles. In Nigeria, implementation of the SHS is
generally poor.
Moreover,
the schools do not have a developed teaching guide outlining progressive plan
for health instruction making its adoption difficult in most of the public
secondary schools. Urgent attention must be given to this to ensure proper
adoption of the school health programme in these schools, so as to create a
healthy future for these pupils.
Statement of
the Problem
This
research work is set to address the interest of the school community (teachers
and students) in the adoption of the school health programme in public
secondary schools in Ilorin West Local Government area of Kwara state.
It has come
to notice that despite the valuable health benefits that the school health
programme is set to realize, most public secondary schools in this local
government give little or no attention to the programme. Some of the likely
issues have been ascertained to be the poor involvement of the teachers in
taking active part in their SHP roles. Others can be attributed to the lack of
interest on the part of the government to provide necessary aids that will
assist the sustainability of the programme in these schools.
Therefore,
there is need to find out the extent to which the aforementioned factors and
the likes of others drawback the adoption of school health program and come up
with logical conclusion that will be of great significance to the school
community and government to better embrace the SHP for the benefit of all.
Purpose of
the Study
The motive
of this discourse is geared towards investigating into the underlying causes
which can likely affect the adoption of the school health program in Ilorin
West Local government area of Kwara state. The study also intend to;
1. Determine
the awareness of the teachers and students towards the benefits of school health
program in their schools.
2. Examine
whether there is availability of necessary equipment and facilities that will
assist in realizing the outcomes of SHP.
3.
Investigate into the level of the government commitment towards the adoption of
SHP in these schools.
4. Ascertain
the teacher’s knowledge about their roles in the effective adoption of school
health program.
5. Seek
student’s opinion on the state of school health program in their schools.
Research
Questions
The
following research questions were arrived at so as to act as a guide for the
investigation in this study.
1. Are
teachers and students aware of the benefits inherent in the adoption of school
health program in their schools?
2. Are there
adequate equipment and facilities to carry out the program in these schools?
3. How
committed is the government to realizing the objectives of school health
program?
4. Do
teachers really have adequate knowledge on their roles to play in the adoption
of school health program?
5. Are
students satisfied with the state of school health programme in their schools?
Research
Hypothesis
1. The
awareness of teachers and students about the benefit inherent in school health
program will not significantly influence its adoption in public secondary
schools.
2.
Availability of adequate equipment and facilities to carry out school health
program will not significantly influence the adoption in secondary schools.
3.
Government’s commitment will not significantly influence the adoption of school
health program in public secondary schools.
4. The
teacher’s knowledge about their roles in school health program will not
significantly influence the adoption in public secondary schools.
5. Students’
satisfaction towards the state of school health programme in schools.
Significance
of the Study
This study
has been outlined to check the adoption of school health program in some
selected public schools in Ilorin West Local Government Area of Kwara State.
The study
would be of value to the various schools administrators to better access the
level of school health programme in their schools by overhauling the programme
so as to ascertain where loopholes exist and make necessary amendment. This is
in a bid not to expose the pupils to several health problems which the
childhood stage is ravaged with. The research findings could also be
significant to the government to turn a new leaf in areas where they are
failing towards the adoption of school health programme in public secondary
schools.
Scope and
Delimitation of the Study
The
geographical coverage for this study comprises of the teachers and students of
five public secondary schools in Ilorin West Local Government Area of Kwara
State. The research would be delimited to 5 public secondary schools in Ilorin
West Local Government area of Kwara State. The population consists of 250
teachers and students that were selected from different classes; the
respondents were made up of male and female students and teachers from the
selected schools.
Definition
of Terms
School
Health Programme (SHP): This is the concerted effort of the school that
contributes to the maintenance, promotion, enhancement, restoration and
improvement of the health of pupils and school personnel including health
services healthful living and health education.
School
Health Services: This is services provided through the school system to improve
the health and well-being of children and in some cases whole families and the
broader community.
School
Healthful Environment: This refers to the physical environment of school
buildings and school grounds and is a key factor in the overall health and
safety of students, staff, and visitors. School buildings and grounds must be
designed and maintained to be free of health and safety hazards, and to promote
learning.
School
Health Appraisal: A health appraisal, or health risk assessment, is a tool that
allows school health providers to gather information about an individual’s
physical health and lifestyle. It also helps screen pupils for vision, dental
etc. and to make referral where possible.
Community
participation: This explains the involvement of the community to the school and
program and rendering of necessary assistance where needed.
FRESH:
Focusing resource on effective school health.
EFA:
Education for all
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