THE CAUSES AND EFFECT OF EXAM MALPRACTICES AMONG SS3 STUDENTS IN SOME SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS (A CASE STUDY OF GWALE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KANO STATE)
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THE CAUSES
AND EFFECT OF EXAM MALPRACTICES AMONG SS3 STUDENTS IN SOME SELECTED SECONDARY
SCHOOLS (A CASE STUDY OF GWALE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KANO STATE)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Examination
malpractice has become a normal occurrence among students world over, but more
worrisome in Nigeria. Though there have been endless discussions on whether
examination exercise should be expunged from school activity but there has not
been any other substitute to assess the effectiveness of teaching and learning
of both teachers and students respectively. Therefore, examination still
remains one strong way of assessing academic activities in schools.
Examination, as it were remains one of the Herculean tasks that is
insurmountable for students generally irrespective of their level, sex, status
or age. At the mention of examination, students begin to agitate, worry, pant,
and express other general disposition of anxiety. Aside these common feelings
toward examination especially in Nigeria, Ugo & Odimba (2010) submitted
that there is over-reliance on results of examinations to secure higher
education or to get jobs by the students; and there is high level of moral
decadence in the society. Consequent upon these, students resort to various
corrupt practices to achieve ‘successes’ in examinations.
Ugo &
Odimba (2010) described examination malpractice as any action done or omitted
which makes it impossible to use an examination in determining the level of
competence of a candidate in absorbing, reproducing, and where appropriate,
applying knowledge. In effect, examination malpractice is any negative
deviation or departure from the recommended and accepted norms in the conduct
of examination. It is reported that students have devised several ways of
practicing examination malpractice, among which are: impersonation; bringing in
foreign materials (books, calculator); substituting worked scripts; stealing,
converting, misappropriating scripts; collusion in the examination hall
(copying); mass/organized cheating involving assistance from teachers and
outsiders; and insult/assault on supervisors/ invigilators (Alutu & Aluede,
2010). In describing how institutionalized and fraternal examination
malpractice has become in Nigeria, Ijaiya (2002) stated that the examination
malpractice practitioners employ the services of adult agents/collaborators
inform of the teachers, examination agents (in form of examiners in the case of
external examinations), touts/mercenaries, as well as the parents to perform
the act.
The common
belief on certificates as the only yardstick to measure ones qualification has
led many Nigerians into buying educational certificates to prove their academic
worth. Examination malpractice in Nigeria is as old as the country herself.
According to (Anzene, 2014), examination malpractice was first reported in
Nigeria in the year 1914, when the question papers of the Senior Cambridge
Local Examinations were reportedly seen by candidates before the scheduled date
of the examination. The Examination Malpractice Act (1999) explains examination
malpractice as any act of omission or commission by a person who in
anticipation of, before, during or after any examination fraudulently secure
any unfair advantage for himself or any other person in such a manner that
contravenes the rules and regulations to the extent of undermining the
validity, reliability, authenticity of the examination and ultimately the
integrity of the certificates issued. Again, examination malpractice is
commonly defined as a deliberate wrong doing contrary to official examination
rules designed to place a candidate at an unfair advantage or disadvantage,
(Akaranga & Ongong, 2013). Jimoh (2009) remarked that examination
malpractice is any irregular behaviour exhibited by a candidate or anybody
charged with the conduct of examination before, during or after the examination
that contravenes the rules and regulations governing such examination. Onuka
& Durowoju (2013) defined examination malpractice as any dishonest or
unauthorized action or deed committed by a student on his own or in
collaboration with others like fellow students, guardians, parents, teachers,
head teacher, examination officials, supervisors, invigilators, security
officers and anybody or group of people before, during or after examination in
order to obtain undeserved marks or grades.
From all the
definitions, it is clear that examination malpractice tends to confer undue
advantage or undeserved grade to the perpetrators of the act. Again, it may be
committed by not only the candidates but also by other bodies charged with the
responsibilities of examination management. Undoubtedly, examination
malpractice has been a social problem for decades, but the rate and manner it is
perpetrated nowadays calls for serious concern. The rate of this crime has
become so widespread that there is virtually no examination anywhere at all
levels and outside the formal school system that there is no one form of
illegal practice or another, (Nnam & Inah, 2015; Ojonemi et al., 2013).
Examination malpractices are common everywhere and every examination season
witnesses the emergence of new and ingenious ways of cheating, (Nnam &Inah,
2015; Anzene, 2014; Ojonemi et al., 2013; Jimoh, 2009). This study is however
examining the causes and the effects of examination malpractices among SS3
students of secondary schools.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The issue of
examination malpractices has become a major problem that many researchers has
carries out studies on its causes and effect on students in different part of
the world though none of the researches was conducted in Kano State. In the bid
to curb this ugly menace of examination malpractice, Federal government of
Nigeria enacted Act. 33 of 1999 constitution. This act spelt out the various
forms of examination malpractice and the penalties that are attached, which
range from a fine of N100, 000 to imprisonment of 3 to 4 years. In the same
vein, the state and local governments and non-governmental organizations have
mounted series of workshops, seminars, campaigns and talks on the pernicious
effects of examination malpractice on the students, educational sector and on
the image of the nation at international level. In the same line, several
academics have written and attended scholarly conferences to proffer solutions
to the problem of examination malpractice; and all these efforts have yielded a
little improvement on the challenge to have clean and fair examinations in the
country. To further lend a helping hand to surmount this problem is the
examination of its causes and effect as a way of identifying the solution;
hence this study.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The
following are the objectives of this study:
To examine
the causes of examination malpractice among the SS3 students of secondary
schools in Gwale Local Government of Kano State.
To examine the effects of examination
malpractice among the SS3 students of secondary schools in Gwale Local
Government of Kano State.
To identify
the solutions to the issues of examination malpractice among the SS3 students
of secondary schools in Gwale Local Government of Kano State.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
What are the
causes of examination malpractice among the SS3 students of secondary schools
in Gwale Local Government of Kano State?
What are the
effects of examination malpractice among the SS3 students of secondary schools
in Gwale Local Government of Kano State?
What are the
solutions to the issues of examination malpractice among the SS3 students of
secondary schools in Gwale Local Government of Kano State?
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The
following are the significance of this study:
The outcome
of this study will be useful to education administrators, teachers and students
on the causes, effect and solution to the menace of examination malpractices
among secondary school students in Nigeria.
Findings
from this study will be useful for future researches has it will constitute
part of the empirical literature making it a guide for future researchers.
1.7 SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study
is limited to SS3 students of selected secondary school in Gwale Local
government area of Kano state. It will also cover the causes and effects of
examination malpractices among them.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Exam: a
formal test of a person’s knowledge or proficiency in a particular subject or
skill
Malpractices:
Improper, illegal, or negligent professional activity
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