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SELF-HANDICAPPING
STRATEGY IN ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN GOMBE STATE UNIVERSITY
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
The practice
of self-handicapping by students in most of the Nigerian universities has
increased overtime which in turn has significant effect on the academic
performance of students.
According to
(Berglas & Jones, 1978) defined self-handicapping as constructing
impediments to performance to protect or enhance one’s perceived competence.
Authors like Covington (1992) stated that in human nature, there is a need to
preserve belief in one’s self-worth, so in achievement contexts, failure
becomes a serious threat. That would significantly throw more light as to why
instead of adopting a success orientation when confronted with schoolwork, some
students focus on avoiding failure, or more specifically, avoiding the negative
emotional consequences that emanate from failure.
According to
(De Castella, Byrne, & Covington, 2013) stated that orientation is thwarted
by fear of failure and fear that failure is a symptom of low personal
competence, these failure avoiders tend to purposefully engage in some type of
mechanism that enables them to ignore, avoid, or attenuate sources of anxiety
and negative emotions.
It is also
evident that Strategies like overworking and defensive pessimism meet that
description, too, but self-handicapping strategies best reflect the clear
commitment, cognitive or behavioral, to failure avoidance (Martin, Marsh, &
Debus, 2001a).
Many reasons
might push students to engage in their learning, but traditionally, academic
achievement goal theories have distinguished between two major types (Dweck,
1986): mastery goals and achievement goals. The former are adopted by students
who are avid about learning and developing competency. The second are
prototypical of pupils who want to demonstrate their ability, but not so much
increase it.
According to
(Elliot & McGregor, 2001) stated that the current thinking is that these
two motivational orientations can also be guided by avoidance tendencies to the
extent that some students’ highest aspiration is to not appear incompetent to
others (achievement avoidance), and others are compelled by fear of not
learning, or of losing previously held competencies (mastery avoidance). With
the growth in the practice of self-handicapping in most Nigerian universities,
the study wishes to take Gombe State University as the case study.
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
What really
instigated the study was due to the growth in lack of motivational orientation
in most schools thereby increasing the fear of not learning, or of losing
previously held competencies. Other studies have not provided a sufficiently
clear and unequivocal view of the relation between students’ achievement
motivations, and their engagement in behavioral and claimed self handicapping
mechanisms.
1.3 AIMS AND
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The main aim
of the research work is to examine self-handicapping strategy in academic
performance in gombe state university. Other specific objectives of the study
include:
To examine
the relationship between self-handicapping strategy and the behavioural pattern
of students in Gombe State University
To examine
the effect of self-handicapping on the academic performance of students
To
investigate on the factors that are affecting motivational orientations in most
Universities in Nigeria
To proffer
solution to the above stated problems
1.4 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
The study came
up with research questions in order to ascertain the above stated objectives.
The specific research questions are stated below as follows:
Is there any
relationship between self-handicapping strategy and the behavioural pattern of
students in Gombe State University?
What is the
effect of self-handicapping on the academic performance of students?
What are the
factors that are affecting motivational orientations in most Universities in
Nigeria?
1.5
STATEMENT OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H0: there is
no significant relationship between self-handicapping strategy and the academic
performance of students in gombe state university
H1: there is
significant relationship between self-handicapping strategy and the academic
performance of students in gombe state university
1.6
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The study on
self-handicapping strategy in academic performance in gombe state university
will be immense benefit to Gombe State University, the students and other
institutions as it will discuss in details the relationship between
self-handicapping strategy and the academic performance of students in gombe
state university, the study will also discuss the factors affecting the
practice of self-handicapping strategy in most schools.
1.7 SCOPE OF
STUDY
The study on
self-handicapping strategy in academic performance will focus on the
relationship between self-handicapping strategy and the academic performance of
students in Gombe State University.
1.8
LIMITATION OF STUDY
Financial
constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher
in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the
process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time
constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other
academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the
research work
1.9
DEFINITION OF TERMS
SELF-HANDICAPPING:
is a cognitive strategy by which people avoid effort in the hopes of keeping
potential failure from hurting self-esteem
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