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VOCATIONAL
EDUCATION IN THE PROVISION OF JOB OPPORTUNITIES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Poultry
farming involves, domesticating birds such as chickens, turkeys, ducks and
geese. They are raised primarily for meat production. Chickens raised for eggs
are referred to as laying hens while chicken raised for meat are referred to as
broilers.Exotic chickens are raised in specialized caging systems, they are fed
with specialized formulated feeds which are rich in essential minerals, their
growth are controlled and the meat production are monitored using feed
formulation and vaccines. These exotic breeds are never allowed to range freely
or scavenge for food.
Turkey on
the other hand is a large poultry bird that originated from the temperate parts
of the world which is now a popular form of poultry in parts of the world. Its
meat is a major sources of protein and its feathers are used extensively for
decorative purposes (UF Researchers, 2012).Indigenous birds on the other hand
are set free on free range whereby chickens are allowed to move freely during
the day and spend the right in the main house. Overnight housing, perching on
trees or on roots and overnight housing within the main house are the common
patterns of housing prevailing in the indigenous areas. Lack of housing is one
of the major constraints of the indigenous poultry production systems.
In Akwa Ibom
State, a large proportion of indigenous poultry mortality accounted due to
nocturnal predators because of lack of proper housing (Dwinger et al., 2003).
Some research works also indicated that the mortality of scavenging birds
reduced by improving housing. For instance, in Gambia livestock improvement
program, which include improved poultry mortality (19%) relative to that
observed in Ethiopia (66%) and Tanzania (33%) where no housing improvement were
made (Kitalyi, 1998).Origin of Fowls
According to Oluyemi et al (1985) confirmed that the genetic difference
exist in the domestic fowl partly because the fowl probably originated from
different wild ancestors.Based on the above differences, two theories were
proposed namely monophyletic theory and the polyphyletic theory.
According to
monophyletic theory, the domestic fowl originated from Gallus with one
ancestor. But the polyphyletic theory states that domestic fowl has more than
one ancestors. To the monophyletic, domestic fowl is known as Gallus while the
polyphyletic theory knows domestic fowl to be Gall domesticus. The polyphyletic
theories attributes to the origin of the domestic fowl to different wild
species.The species suggested are:
- Gallus gallus (Red jungle fowl)
- Gallus Lafayette (Ceylon jungle fowl)
- Gallus sonnerati (grey jungle fowl)
- Gallus varius (java jungle fowl).
Through
years of domestication, this fowl has undergone different development in
different areas of the world. Many highly developed breeds have evolved. The
degree of development in different parts of the world has depended on the
advancement of the area.Importance of Poultry Meat
- Meat product constitute about 90-95% income
for the farmers, the by-products from the poultry to industries are extremely important
part of the export market of livestock products.
- Meat from poultry are used as a medium of
exchange for the Nigeria economy.
- Poultry meat increases nutritive value in
food when the meat are consumed and improves vitamins, mineral and protein
content in the diet.
- Meat provides gainful employment to
citizenry.
- Poultry meat help the Nigerian youths in
acquiring psychomotive and affective skills of poultry management and
preparation of poultry meat.
- Poultry meat is rich in the Omega-3 fats.
Poultry meat is an important provider of the essential polyunsaturated fatty
acid (PUFAS) especially the Omega(n) 3 fatty acids.
- Poultry meat can be enriched with several of
the important dietary nutrients: unlike most other meats, chicken meat can also
easily be enriched with several other important nutrients by adding Mg of
selenium.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The acute
shortage of protein in the daily diet in meals are on the high increase thus,
resulting in several nutritional problems. These problems includes diseases
from meat transferred to consumers, high mortality rate among young adults,
deficiency in the right supply of nutrient and many more.This has formed the
basis on the need to upgrade meat quality through the observation of principles
in the management of poultry meat.
This
principles are as follows timely feeding
regime, of poultry birds, sanitization of the meat environment, proper checking
of infected birds of poultry for vaccination, harvesting of the mature birds to
avoid cannibalism and debeaking the beaks to discourage feather picking,
deworming the birds to disinfects birds against invasion of worms these and
many more would reduce problems associated with malnutrition of poultry birds
to increase and encourage weight gain by indigenous and exotic birds of
poultry.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The broad
aim of the study was to assessed the weight gain of the indigenous and exotic
breeds of poultry birds and obtained their differences. They includes the
following.
- Compare the difference in the weight gain of
indigenous and exotic breeds of poultry based on body weight.
- Compare the difference in the weight gain of
indigenous and exotic breeds of poultry based on feed consumed.
- Compare the difference in weight gain of
indigenous and exotic breeds of poultry based on source of feeds.
1.4 Research Questions
- Is there any difference in the weight gain
of indigenous and exotic breeds of poultry based on body weight?
- Is there any difference in the weight gain
of indigenous and exotic breeds of poultry based on feed consumed?
- Is there any difference in the weight gain
of indigenous and exotic breeds of poultry based on source of feeds?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
- on body weight
- There is no significant difference in the
weight gain of indigenous and exotic breeds of poultry based on feed consumed.
- There is no significant difference in the
weight gain of indigenous and exotic breeds of poultry based on source of
feeds.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The aim of
this study is to assess the weight gain by indigenous and exotic breeds of
poultry broiler and to determine the differences that exist between the two
specie of broilers. The farmers will benefit because, it would them up on the
techniques and skills of raising birds with the recent innovations.It is also
aim at educating students in the secondary schools on the various species of
poultry birds and their types of poultry and their weight gain.
The research
would expose government on the need to establish government owned poultry
houses in order to increase the quantities of poultry breeds to the populace
who are the end users of poultry products. It would expose poultry dealers on
the importance to maintained optimum hygiene during and after the preparation
of various species of poultry breed and their weight in order to reduce
consuming birds which has loss weight as a result sickness and diseases which
may have been transferred from an infected poultry birds.The research would
assists farmers on the need to enlarge their poultry houses in order to create
employment to the teeming youths to reduce poverty and crime in our localities.
Consumers of
poultry meat would be educated on the various types of poultry breeds (that is
the indigenous and the exotic breeds of poultry) and to make decision on the
one to go for.It also help veterinary doctors on the new outbreak of poultry
diseases and the new methods of treating them to prevent the spread of such
diseases.
1.7 Delimitation of the Study
The study of
this research topic is delimited to Akpan Andem market in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State,
and the University poultry farm, University of Uyo, Uyo. The breeds of the
poultry meat are of the indigenous and the exotic poultry birds.
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