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INFLUENCE OF
GENDER ON CHOICE OF SUBJECTS IN SSCE EXAMINATION
Abstract
This study
was conducted in the five mixed senior secondary schools in Enugu North Local
Government Area of Enugu State on Gender influence on choice of subject in SSCE
Examination. The purpose of the study was to determine the subject preferred by
males than females, identifying factors associated with subject choice and
determine the problems affecting the subject choice of students. Descriptive
survey method was adopted.
There are
seven hundred and fifteen (715) Students in Senior Secondary 3 (SS3) in Enugu
North, random sampling was used to select two hundred and fifty (250) out of
715 students. The questionnaire was used for data collection and the items were
descriptive of frequencies and mean responses. The basic findings showed that
greater of males choose science subjects based on their greater aptitude in
mathematics. The major problems that influenced the choice of both males and
females were: Gender, family background, job opportunity, parents, teachers and
peer group. It was recommended that the students, teachers and parents should
be exposed to the needs of choosing subjects that one knows better.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Gender,
according to Longman Dictionary (2000) is defined as the fact of being male or
female. Oxford Dictionary 5th edition (1998) defines gender as the condition of
being male or female. The New
International Webster’s Comprehensive Dictionary of the English Language (2004)
has it that “gender corresponds to sex. Animate beings are either masculine or
feminine. Britannica volume 5 (2005) defines gender as self-conception of being
a male or female as distinguished from actual biology sex. From the above
definitions, gender can be then be defined as “the fact of being male or
female.”
According to Oxford Dictionary 5th Edition
(1998) influence is to have effect on somebody on their behaviour. It is the
power to affect somebody’s actions, character or beliefs especially by
providing an example for them to follow. Longman Dictionary (2000) defines
influence as the power to affect the way someone develops, behaves or thinks
without using direct force or order.
Also, the New International Webster’s Comprehensive Dictionary (2004) sees
influence as the power or process of producing an effect upon a person, by
intangible means. Influence, therefore,
is the power to affect the way someone develops, behaves or thinks without
directly forcing or ordering the person.
The Oxford
Advanced Learners Dictionary 6th edition (2000) defined “Choice” as an act of
choosing between two or more possibilities.
The New International Webster’s Comprehensive Dictionary of English
Language (2004) says that Choice is the act, fact, power or privilege of
choosing; selecting a number or variety from which to choose, the power to
prefer or select. Brittannica volume 3 (2004) defines choice as a corollary of
the proposition of the free will, that is, the ability voluntarily to decide to
perform one of several possible acts or to avoid action entirely. Choice can
therefore be defined as the power to prefer or select.
Longman
Dictionary of Contemporary English (2000) defines subject as the things you are
talking abut or considering in a conversation, discussion. It is the area of knowledge that one study.
For the purpose of this research work, subjects are the courses offered in
Senior Secondary Certificate Examination (SSCE) which are sciences and
Arts.
Senior Secondary Certificate Examination
(SSCE) is the external Examination that students in Senior Secondary Three
(SS3) take as the final examination usually organized by the West African
Examination Council (WAEC) and National Examination Council (NECO).
Nigerian
Government is committed to building a nation devoid of gender discrimination,
guaranteeing equal access to political education, social and economic wealth,
creating opportunities for women and men.
United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP), (2001) pointed out that gender
development index in Nigeria stood at 0.423 ranking 124thcountry in the world
expowerment index for men was 0.456 and that of women was 0.442 indicating that
men were marginally better than women not withstanding that “what a man can do,
a woman can do it better.”
In the
traditional society, women were highly discriminated against and marginalized
to the point that education of young women were regarded as a wastage of
resources, since their education will end-up in kitchen. Because of this, women
choose subjects like Arts that will allow them carry out their domestic
responsibilities alongside their education. Gender is a concept that is dynamic
and its relationships always subject to changes, however, it varies from one
country to another.
United
National International Children’s Education Fund (UNICEF), (1998) defines
gender as “the various socially and culturally constructed roles, qualities,
responsible behaviours, power and so on that are described to women and men by
different societies.
Gender
influence on choice of subjects has been a topic in recent global development
initiatives (Clifford, 1999). Gender
plays decisive role on students’ choice of subject in Senior Secondary School
Examination (SSCE), Measor and Sikes, (1996) observed that most societies
prescribe different activities and characteristics for male and females which
may come to be seen as natural by people involved. Therefore, there are courses such as
mathematics and other science subjects that involved calculations which are
ascribed as male subjects while those that requires less quantitative
implications were attributed to female subjects along these line determines the
gender preference at each point in time.
However,
women are competing favourably with men in choosing science subjects. The present study seeks to investigate the
influence of gender on choice of subjects in SSEC Examination with emphasis on
Enugu North Local Government Area of Enugu State.
In summary, the variables of this work are
gender being the independent variable and choice being the dependent variable.
This is so because gender cannot be changed, it remains what it is while choice
changes.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The
researchers would like to know if:
1. Students choose science or Arts subjects
because of their gender (sex);
ii. they make choice of subject based on how
difficulty or easy a given course (subject) may be;
iii. some make choice of subject under the
influence of their parents, teachers and their fellow students (peer group);
iv. the family background of students
influences their choice of subject in Senior Secondary School Certificate
Examination (SSCE);
v. the nature of School (availability of
equipment and presence of qualified and experienced teachers) attended by the
student and if
vi. job opportunity of a given course
(subject) also influences the choice of subject by the students.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The purpose
of this study is to find out gender preference of subjects choice in Senior
Secondary Certificate Examination (SSEC).
The study seeks to
i. identify the particular subjects the
male and female students will differently prefer to register in SSCE
Examination;
ii. examine problems encountered by students
in choice of subjects;
iii. examine various solution areas on
problems of gender preference in choice of subjects;
iv. investigate if female students take
science subjects than male students and
v. know the attitudes of parent and
teachers on choice of subjects in Senior Secondary Certificate Examinations.
1.4 Significance of the Study
This study
(research work) will be significant to: the researchers themselves, their
follow-up students; parents; schools; government and the legislators (policy
makers).
1. This study will help the researchers to
graduate successfully.
2. It will serve as a reference material to
their (researchers) follow-up students.
3. Through this study, parents will know
that it is better to allow their children (students) to make their choice of
subject rather than influence them.
4. The school uses it (research work) as a
reference material in the library.
5. This research work will improve the yet
to come government, being that the students does not deviate from their field
of study.
6. It will enable the policy makers
(legislators) to initiate young women aspiring subjects to compete with men in
specialized science areas.
1.5 Research Questions
The
following research questions were formulated to guide this study:
1. Does gender has any effects on choice of
subject in Senior Secondary Certificate Examination (SSCE)?
2. Does student choose subject because of
how difficult or easy the subject may be?
3. Do parents, teachers and peer-group
influence students choice of subjects?
4. Does student family background affects
their choice of subjects in Senior Secondary Certificate Examination (SSCE)?
5. Does the nature of Schools attended by
students affect their choice of subjects?
6. Does job opportunity of a subject
(course) influence the students’ choice of subject?
1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study
is limited to Senior Secondary Class 3 (SS3), in five mixed secondary schools,
randomly selected in Enugu North Local Government Area of Enugu State.
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