THE EFFECT OF CLASS SIZE IN EFFECTIVE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF ACCOUNTING IN JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
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THE EFFECT
OF CLASS SIZE IN EFFECTIVE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF ACCOUNTING IN JUNIOR
SECONDARY SCHOOL
ABSTRACT
Class size
in effective teaching the purpose of this research work is to investigate the
effect of class size in effective teaching and learning of junior secondary
students in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area of Edo State. In this project,.
The researchers tried to look at the effect of class size in effective teaching
and learning of Junior secondary schools students in Ikpoba Okha Local
Government Area of Edo State. The methodology used was the questionnaire which
was administered on the respondents, the questionnaire were completed and
transferred into frequencies with the use of mean statistics. Some findings
were out by the researcher and conclusion made. In the end some recommendations
was drawn out which, include that there is need for government to expand the
existing infrastructure in the school so as to accommodate the numbers of
students admitted in the junior secondary school. Teachers should be employed
as soon as more students are admitted so that teaching learning process will be
effective. There is need for government to realize the essence of bringing up
the policy of teacher students ratio such policies should be strictly adhered
to the idea of admitting students without recourse to the facilities available
in inimical to teaching and learning irrespective of the universal basic
education (UBE) goals.class size in effective teaching
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
For many years, educators, politicians and
people in general have debated on the number of students a teacher can work
effectively to ensure students adequate learning. Although most people would
agree that having a few student to teacher ratio would benefit the student
academically, mainly will also argue that it does not guarantee success and
would cost school a great deal or more money. Prior to reviewing the research,
a clarification, of terms associated with the research, a clarification of
terms associated with the research context is necessary. Students achievement
applies to making sure all students have the necessary skills and knowledge to
function in school so that they may also succeed as adult (National Education
Association, 2002). But others see a much broader, richer, picture and the
state standards as something to be met on the way to the broader picture. Three
areas that fit into the broader picture are academics, essential life skills
and responsibility to the community. Definitions vary across the research
spectrum, but for the purpose of this paper, small class size will be defined
as classes with approximately 15 students, while large or regular class will be
defined as classrooms with approximately 24 or more students (Harris and Plank,
2000)., the term average class size is a calculation of the total number of
students in a grade level divided by the number of classroom sections in that
school or school district.class size in effective teaching
The relationship between class size and
academic performance has been a perplexing one for educators. Studies have
found that the physical environment, class overcrowding and teaching methods
are all variables that affect students achievement (Molnal, et al 2000). Other
factors that affect students achievement are school population and class size
(Gentry, 2000, and Swift, 2000). The issue of poor academic performance of
students in Nigeria has been of much concern to all and sundry. The problems is
so much that it has led to the decline in standard of education. Since the
academic success of students depends largely on the school environment, it is
imperative to examine the impact variables of class size and school population
on the academic performance of students in secondary school. Large class size
quality of teaching and instruction delivery. Overcrowded classrooms have
increased the possibilities for mass failure and make students to lose interest
in school. This is because large class size do not allow individual students to
get attention from teachers which invariable lead to low reading scores,
frustration and poor academic performance. In order to better understand the
skill levels of students, it might be necessary to evaluate factors affecting
their performance. These factors can include; school structure and
organization, teachers quality, curriculum and teaching philosophies
(Driscoill, Halcoussis and Sony, 2003). The idea that school population and
class size might affect students performance is consistent with the growing
literature on the relationship between public sector institutional arrangement
and outcomes (Moe, 2003). The purpose of this study is to further examine the
relationship of class size, school population and students academic
achievement.class size in effective teaching
The student achievement guarantee in education
defines class size reduction as “reduce to class 15” class size reduction can
be defined as reducing the number of students in a classroom. Classroom
averages, as defined above, can be reduced by introducing more teachers. If a
school has 120 students in first grade with five class room teachers, the
average class size will be 24 students per class. That number will be reduced
if another teacher is utilized in that grade level. 120 students divided by six
classroom teachers will result in average class size of 20 students per class.
Minorities are defined as students who are indicated as an ethnics status of
Afro-American, Asian American, Native American or Hispanic American and is
citizen of the United States has permanent immigrant or refugee status
(University of Wisdom, Modison, 2009). The term minority is a relative term at
this point in time. Minorities were often considered so because a majority of
the population in the United State was Caucasians. However, there are many
cities even states, where Caucasians are not the majority.class size in
effective teaching
The premise that reducing class size can lead
to improved teaching and learning is one that most teachers and parents would
readily endorse (Kennedy, 2003). Given a choice between a classroom with 20
students one with 30 studnets, who would want to argue that the larger class
would be a better learning environment for each students in that class. The
major problems schools are running into is that then funding for these small
class sizes is not available, that the funding for these small class sizes is
not available., or is decreasing. Many states and school districts dealing increasingly
with shortfalls in revenue are smaller classes.class size in effective teaching
Advocates of small classes believes that small
class size allow teacher to give more individualized attention to students,
manage their classrooms more effectively and provide more effective instruction
that leads to better students performance. In a smaller classroom, a teacher
has more time to get to know each student personality and academic strengths
and weaknesses, students receive more attention and are less likely to become
discipline problems with less time spent on classroom management; teachers can
focus more on classroom instruction and students learning. Patricia A Wesley of
the college of education at the University of Washington writes “my teaching
and research experiences have convince me that both small classes and small
schools are crucial to a teacher’s ability to succeed with students” (Wasley,
2002). Some people are not convenience,
however, that reducing class size ensures an academic advantage. Kirk A Johnson
is a senior policy analyst in the center for data analysis, heritage foundation
and asks the question, “are class size reduction programs uniformly positive or
does a downside exists to hiring and placing more teachers in its public
schools?” (Johnson, 2002). Because of state mandates in classroom reductions,
schools are required to hire more inexperienced teachers and are suffering from
a lack of qualified teachers to fill the classroom (Johnson, 2002). Others
argue that there is no substantive proof that class size makes a difference in
students performance and there may be other influences affecting students
performance. Evidence linking smaller classes to improved performance is
inconclusive for instance, difference studies have varied in their definition
of small class size.class size in effective teaching
According to Erik Haunshek (2003) of the
Hoover institution, only 15 percent of the studies found that reducing class
size has a statistically significant positive effect on performance. Moreover,
almost as many studies (13 percent) found that reducing class size has a
statistically negative effect on student performance. The remaining 72 percent
and indicate that reducing class size has no statistically significant effect
nonperformance. The results were similar in the 136 studies of elementary
school class size. Only 13 percent of them found that reducing class size
increase students performance, and 20 percent indicate that a reduction harms
performance. Thus, in the words of Hanuyshek “there is little reason to believe
that smaller class sizes systematically yield higher student achievement”
(Barcia, and Fredua-Kwarteng, 2008). Evidence linking smaller classes to
improved performance is therefore inconclusive. This study therefore looks at
how class size affects secondary schools students and their academic
performance in junior secondary schools in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area of
Edo State.class size in effective teaching
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The performance of junior secondary school
students in Junior West African Examination Council in 2012 according to report
made by (office of the statistics in PPSMB, 2012), calls for proper
investigation of causes of poor academic performance of junior secondary
schools students in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area of Edo State. Although,
several scholars have proposed various factors responsible for the poor
performance of students, few researches has been dedicated to the correlation
between class size, school population and academic achievement of
students.class size in effective teaching
PURPOSE OF STUDY
The purpose of this study is to find out the
effect of classroom size in effective teaching and learning of junior secondary
schools in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area of Edo State. Specially, the study
sought to:
Determine the class size of junior secondary
school students in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area?Determine the effect of
class size in teaching and learning of junior secondary school students in the
Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area.Ascertain the effectiveness of teaching and
learning of junior secondary school in Ikpoba Okha Local Government
Area.Identify the policy guiding teacher-student ratio in junior secondary
school in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area.class size in effective teaching
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The researcher is trying to substantiate the
result of this study has deducted the following researcher questions which are:
Is there any relationship between class size
and effective teaching and learning of junior secondary schools?Does class size
really affect the teaching and learning in junior secondary school?Is there any
relationship between class size and the teaching of Accounting in junior
secondary school?Is there any policy guiding teacher students ratio in junior
secondary school?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study has the potential to guide the
policy maker about the present scenario of education system. They make the
vision and may improve the situation through adopting a better policy about
teachers. The study is also likely to guide for developing the education,
standard for students teacher, ratio. This study is also important such that
the findings made will help teachers to identify the reasons for the academic
performances of students in large classes with high population and how they can
address the problems. It will provide comprehensive information for educational
planners, educators, and parents on how they can assist students to cope in
large classes.class size in effective teaching
This
research work will lead to further in-depth study on the impact of class
size and school population on the academic performance of students in
Accounting and other subjects. It will serve as a contribution to knowledge in
the subject area. In this regards, it will be useful for other researchers who
might want to carryout research in related areas.class size in effective
teaching
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this study will be very wide if
it has to be carried out in all the secondary school in Ikpoba Okha Local
Government Area. Based on this, the study is focused on five junior secondary
schools in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area of Edo State.class size in
effective teaching
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Education: The process or art of imparting
knowledge, skill and judgment.
Learning: An act in which something is
learned.
Academic: Pertaining to or characteristics of
a school.
Performance: The act of performing, carrying
into execution or action, achievement and accomplishment.
Standard: Something used as a measure for
comparative evaluation.
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