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CHALLENGES
AND PROSPECT OF TEACHING AND LEARNING OF ACCOUNTING IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
to the study
It is true
that many students in Accounting Education today
do not
have secondary school
background in Accounting unlike
Mathematics, Economics, “English, Government and so on therefore, they tend to
have a negative attitude at the very beginning of the course at the university and assume that
accounting is a
very difficult course.
Students negative attitude toward accounting,
considering it a difficult subject.
This is usually manifested
by their poor
performance and high
rate of failure
in Principles of accounting.
Since
principle of Accounting has come to stay in Nigeria secondary school the
factors that affect students’ performance in the subject becomes a necessity.
Accounting
has been generically referred to as the language of business. It is an aid to
trade and one of the foundations on which the whole structure of business
rests. Accounting is a process of identifying, recording and interpreting economic
events. “It is the determination, analysis, interpretation and communication of
economic data” Accounting is an
indispensable tool for entrepreneurship in any of the vocational skill. Hence,
it is an element of business education and business education itself is a
component of vocational education (V. E.) Osuala (1981) described vocational
education as including such areas as Agricultural, Business, Health
Occupations, Industrial/Technical and Home Economics.
A successful
career in vocational education can only be guaranteed by a proper and accurate
keeping of financial records. Whatever affects the effective development of
vocational education affects the economic development of any such nation.
Vocational education prepares people for occupations requiring manipulative
skills. Indeed, it is designed to develop skills, knowledge, abilities,
attitudes and work habits needed for self-sufficiency (Azikiwe, 2015). It is
basically occupation oriented because it is essentially intended to provide
skills and manpower for commerce and industry in any nation. Hence Arukwe
(2013) noted that the solutions to Nigerian present economic problems couldn’t
exclude the intensification of vocational education for the citizenry.
Olaferu-Olagbegi (1988), observed that combating unemployment in Nigeria
through the creation of self-employment, emphasizes the establishment of
small-scale enterprises in rural areas by skilled personnel who are products of
vocational education. The possession of the necessary skill in financial record
keeping is a priority and accounting process is a solution.
The problems
facing accounting in Secondary Schools are twofold: the teaching on the one
hand and learning on the other hand. The performance of students in the subject
in the SSC Examination has not been encouraging. Students are generally
deficient in numerate subjects like accounting and mathematics. Fakuade’s
(2010) report, that pupils had been deficient in simple knowledge, abilities,
attitudes and work-habits needed for self-sufficiency (Azikiwe, 2015). It is
basically occupation oriented because it is essentially intended to provide
skills and manpower for commerce and industry in any nation. Hence Arukwe (201)
noted that the solutions to Nigerian present economic problems couldn’t exclude
the intensification of vocational education for the citizenry. Olateru-Olagbegi
(2008), observed that combating unemployment in Nigeria through the creation of
self-employment, emphasizes the establishment of small-scale enterprises in
rural areas by skilled personnel who are products of vocational education. The
possession of the necessary skill in financial record keeping is a priority and
accounting process is a solution.
The problems
facing accounting in Secondary Schools are twofold: the teaching on the one
hand and learning on the – other hand. The performance of students in the
subject in the SSC Examination has not been encouraging. Students are generally
deficient in numerate subjects like accounting and mathematics. Fakuade’s
(2010) report, that pupils had been deficient in simple mathematics can also be
applied to accounting. The ever-increasing poor performance of students in
accounting in secondary and post secondary Schools is a serious concern and
unpalatable signal to the development of accountancy (Oloidi 2003a). No doubt
the poor performance in accounting can be traced, in part, to the poor methods
of teaching the subject. As Agbenta (2011) has pointed out on the need for
practical lessons in the physical sciences, it can also be stated that teaching
of accounting in secondary school without the use of accounting laboratory for
practical lesson, inhibits the study of the subject. Teachers should improve on
their teaching methods and processes. While it is not the objective of this paper
to be teaching methodologies, it is of utmost necessity that accounting
teachers should note that the enduring solutions to these problems are from the
teachers. Accounting teacher should be ‘efficient, effective and qualitative.
Marving, Kinder and Schunert (2010) argued that the effective teacher should
have good understanding of the subject he teaches. Lack of good preparation was
identified by Clark (1977) as causing poor teaching. On the part of the
students, the findings of Ajogbeje (2007) on mathematics can logically be
applied. He stressed sex- stereotyping, transfer of poor attitude between peers
and from older students, and poor self-concept towards the subject, the
influence of the environment on the student, .as affecting learning. The government
on its own part needs to provide adequate fund, materials and human resources
and necessary motivation of student and teachers (Oloidi, 2003).
Against the
foregoing background, it would therefore be very necessary for accounting
teachers, the secondary school administrators and the government to take a
critical look at the ways of improving the status of accounting as a subject in
secondary school
Statement of the Problem
Observations
and reports from examining bodies like WAEC, NECO and JAMB revealed that a high
percentage of secondary school students continue to perform poorly in principle
of accounting. Despite the laudable efforts at developing an acceptable general
accounting curriculum students’ performance in the subject appears to be declining
over the years. Yet in the face of all
these efforts put in place by various stake holder and curriculum planner the
rate and degree of students’ poor performance in senior secondary school
examination in principle of accounting must now be a problem of national
concern. The question that readily comes to mind is; what are the problem
confronting the the teaching and leanring of accounting? Are the teachers of
principle of accounting adequately qualified and properly trained in the
subject? Is the excessive workload and lack of teacher training facilities at
the root of poor teaching of accounting?
Purpose of the study
The major
purpose of this study is find out the challenges and prospect of teaching and
learning of accounting in secondary schools in Omala Local Government of Kogi
State
Specifically,
the study will;
find out the
challenges facing the teaching and learning of Accounting in Secondary schools?
Determine if
teachers’ and students’ attitude towards teaching and learning of principle of
accounting is one the major problem confronting the teaching and learning of
accounting in Omala local government area
Determine if
school environment affect the teaching of accounting
Find out if
Teachers’ teaching methods affect the teaching and learning of accounting
Find out
if teachers’ use of instructional
materials contribute to the problem of teaching and learning of accounting
To profer
solution on the challenges facing teaching and learning of accounting.
Research
Questions
To achieve
the objective of the study, five research questions were raised.
What are the challenges facing teaching and
learning of accounting in secondary schools?
Does
teachers’ attitude to the teaching of principle of accounting constitute a
problem in the teaching of accounting?
Does school
environment influence the teaching and learning of accounting?
Does
teaching method constitute significant problem in teaching principle of
accounting?
Does the
lack of instructional materials, educational facilities and inadequate
supervision constitute a significant problem in teaching and learning of
accounting?
What are the
solution to the challenges in teaching and learning of accounting?
Significance of Study
It is
envisaged that findings from the study may reveal Challenges that influence
the teaching and learning of Accounting
Examination in Kogi State. This
exposition would help Kogi state to
adapt workable measures or strategies that are likely to improve the teaching
and learning of accounting.
The study
would provide information that is likely to be useful for the purposes of
In-Service Training for teachers and other stakeholders in education in the
State. It may also serve as a reference material for policymakers to consider
in the design of programmes to pursue at the basic level of education that
might yield encouraging WAEC results.
Finally,
this study is likely to inspire other researchers to embark on similar studies
into challenges and prospect in teaching and learning of accounting in other
Districts and satieties, so that more general information about factors that
contribute to falling standards in education especially in Public schools could
be obtained and addressed to improve academic performance of students.
Scope of the
study
The study
covered 5 Senior Secondary Schools in Omala
Local government area of Kogi
State. The study covers three private schools and 2 public schools
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF
RELATED LITERATURE
Introduction
A lot have
been written on the teaching and learning of accounting. The reason for this
chapter is to review related literature on the
challenges and prospect facing
teaching and learning of accounting in Omala Local government area of Kogi
State. The review is organized into the following sub-headings:
Conceptual framework
Concepts of
principle of Accounting
Objectives
of principle of Accounting
Methods of
teaching principle of Accounting
The roles of
instructional materials in teaching principle of Accounting
Teachers
attitude as its effects on students performance, students learning attitude and
its effect on their performances
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