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PARTICIPATION IN SOCIAL MEDIA FRAUD; PROBLEMS, EFFECT AND SOLUTION
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The
invention of electronic devices such as modern communication hard-wares,
internet service and computer systems has been a major landmark in human
history. Ayantokun (2006), defined computer as a machine that performs tasks,
such as calculation or electronic communication, under the control of a set of
instructions called a program. Programs usually reside within the computer and
are retrieved and processed by the computer’s electronics. The program results
are stored or routed to output devices, such as video display monitors or
printers. Oyewole and Obeta (2002), define a computer as an electronic device
that accepts, processes, stores and outputs data at high speed according to
programmed instructions. Computers perform a wide variety of activities reliably,
accurately and quickly depending on the purpose it was designed for. Computer
can be used in areas of education, medicine, engineering design, scientific
research, office automation, personal administration etc (Morley and Parker,
2007).
According to
Rogers (1995), the rapid evolution of the computer brought the internet. The
internet services have reduced the world into a global village which makes it
look as if everybody is in the same place at a particular point in time. Aside
the fact that the internet has made communication to be easier and faster, a
lot of other transactions are consummated at the speed of lightening. Oyewole
and Obeta (2002), state that the internet is the inter connection of computer
across the world thereby creating unlimited opportunities for mankind. Ehimen
and Bola (2009), state that cyberspace has provided a save haven for internet
platform, which has created geometric growth and accelerated windows of
opportunities for businesses and the removal of economic barriers hitherto
faced by nations of the world. People from diverse areas of human endeavor can
now freely access and utilize the advantages offered by internet platform. In
addition, Young Media Association (2007), listed the following as the positive
gain the internet has brought to the world:
Facilitation
of job search and employment.
Accessibility
to research information for education and businesses.
Rural
integration.
Enhancement
of trade and commerce.
Sharing of
resources and ideas.
Enhance
communication.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The
contribution of internet to the development of the nation has been marred by
the evolution of a new wave of crime. The internet has also become an
environment where the most lucrative and safest crimes thrive. There are
indications that social media fraud is rising. For example, a 2005 YouGov poll
of UK Internet users found that 1 in 20 had lost money in online scams. Also a
2001 survey revealed that 52 per cent of companies interviewed said internet
fraud posed real problems for them (Wall, 2007). These are clear indications
that social media fraud is on the increase and as such, it is beginning to gain
recognition at the global level and there is dearth of study in the area of
this burgeoning criminal act in Nigeria.
Technology
has integrated nations and the world has become a global village. The economy
of most nations in the world is accessible through the aid of electronic via
the internet. Since the electronic market is opened to everybody (which
includes eavesdroppers and criminals), false pretence find a fertile ground in
this situation. Vladimir (2005), said the internet is a global network which
unites millions of computer located in different countries and open broad
opportunities to obtain and exchange information but it is now being used for
criminal purposes due to economic factors. Nigeria, a third world country is
faced with so many economic challenges such as unemployment amongst others,
which are capable of making this crime thrive. Apart from the economy factor
been a possible cause of social media fraud in Nigeria, there might be other
causes for the continued rise in social media fraud activity.
In Nigeria,
perpetrators of this crime who are commonly referred to as “yahoo yahoo boys”
take advantage of e-commerce system available on the internet to defraud
victims who are mostly foreigners thousands and sometimes millions of dollars.
They fraudulently represent themselves as having particular goods to sell or
that they are involved in a loan scheme project. They may even pose to have
financial institution where money can be loaned out to prospective investors.
In this regard, persons and organization are duped or have fallen victims.
However, these are not the only techniques used by these social media fraudsters,
there could be others which the research intends to unravel.
Attempt to
address social media fraud by various governments and international
organizations have not been successful owing to the fact that the identities of
the perpetrators of social media fraud remain ambiguous and inadequate. A study
by Zero Tolerance (2006), indicates that social media fraudsters are usually
within the age bracket of 18 to 30 years and they indulge in the crime in order
to survive and have a taste of good life. Noting these observations, there is
need to identify more attributes/characteristics these social media fraudsters
possess and what are other causes since it have been acknowledged that a good
taste of life is a major factor.
Consequently,
many countries have intensified efforts in curbing the excesses of social media
fraudsters. Nevertheless, efforts have been made by the Federal Government of
Nigeria to curb the menace of the crime too. For instance, according to Awe
(2009), the government of President Olusegun Obansanjo in 2003 set up a working
group known as the Nigeria Cyber Crime Working Group (NCWG) to address this
phenomenon since the loss suffered by both consumers and investors creates
serious credibility and image problem to the country. Similarly, according to
Abdulhamidet al, (2011), in Nigeria, a bill title “Cyber Security and Critical
Infrastructure bill” is presently been prepared to deal specifically with the
menace of social media fraud. The Economic and Other Financial Crime Commission
(EFCC) and the Nigerian Police Force (NPF) have also played vital roles in
curbing this menace. To support their efforts, Microsoft and other internet
related organizations like PARADIGM Initiative Nigeria, Background Check
International (BCI) and the Internet safety,
Security and
Privacy Initiative for Nigeria (ISSPIN) have also assisted to curb the maladies
(Awe, 2009). In spite of all these efforts, social media fraud in Nigeria is
still on the increase. The situation raises a question on the type of social
media fraud that is on the increase and remedy to solve the menace.
Consequently, base on the above statements the research work was designed to
provide answers to the research questions raised and also to suggest solutions
to the problem.
1.3 Research Questions
What is the
pattern of social media fraud in tertiary institutions in Zaria?
What are the
social attributes of those involved in social media fraud in tertiary
institutions in Zaria?
What are the
factors responsible for social media fraud in the study area?
What are the
types of social media fraud common among social media fraudsters
in tertiary
institutions in Zaria?
What are the
consequences of social media fraud in the study area?
How can
social media fraud be curtailed?
1.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study
The
objectives of the study are as follows:
To find out
the pattern of social media fraud in tertiary institutions in Zaria.
To explore
the social attributes of those involved in social media fraud in tertiary
institutions in Zaria.
To identify
the causes of social media fraud in the study area.
To identify
the types of social media fraud that is common in the study area.
To examine
the consequences of social media fraud in the study area.
To suggest
appropriate solutions to the problem.
1.5 Significance of the Study
With the
ever increasing pace of development, social media fraud has become an
inevitable and a more specialized area of crime which threatens the economy and
even the peace and security of the nation. The publicity surrounding Nigeria
social media fraud is raising fears that the country may face a slowdown in
international investment in telecommunication as well as the financial sectors
(Thomas, 2011). As more Nigerians use the internet for their banking needs, the
number of fraudsters eyeing people’s bank accounts and online financial
transactions has also multiplied. Hence, this study has provided useful
information on the factors responsible for the increase rate of social media
fraud in the society.
Unlike the
advance societies, developing societies have almost little or no modalities put
in place to curb the excesses of social media fraudsters. In order to out smart
the social media fraud fighting agencies, these social media fraudsters have
connections with one another thereby learning more sophisticated methods/skills
day in day out to commit this havoc. As such, the exposure of the techniques been
used by these social media fraudsters will contribute positively to the efforts
being made by these agencies.
Moreover,
since youths within the age bracket of 18-30 years (Zero Tolerance, 2006), have
been identified to be most vulnerable to this crime and have also been
identified to be either in tertiary institutions or about to be admitted into
one or graduates. The research work was able to identify other
attributes/characteristics of social media fraudsters. In addition, since
social media fraud is denting the country image among the committee of nations
and the present administration has vowed to place Nigeria among the top twenty
largest economies in the world by 2020. This research will contribute
positively to the efforts being made by concerned government and private
agencies to develop strategies to combat the menace.
Above all,
taking into account that social media fraud and the underlying criminology
behind cyber criminals are very new and there is a relative shortage of
available research and literature on the subject. This therefore, makes this
study very important because the study has added to the existing literature by
revealing a number of different bases on what typically makes and motivates
social media frauds and also identify the consequences it has in the society.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study
revolves around issues on the pattern and consequences of social media fraud.
It was conducted in Zaria, Kaduna State and limited to students of 3 selected
tertiary institutions namely; Ahmadu Bello University, Federal College of
Education and Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic.
In addition, other respondents that participated in the study were
operators of cyber café, lecturers from Computer Science Department of the
selected tertiary institution and individuals who indulge in social media
fraud. The study was conducted from August 2011 to May 2013.
1.7 Definition of Key Terms
Computer:
Computer is described as an electronic machine that works under the control of
store information (programs). It accept data (input), store data in the memory
and process the data to produce the required result in a specified format as
information (output).
Internet:
Internet means international communication network. It is a communication
network among computers. It is an interconnection of computers across globe.
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