SECURITY CHALLENGES IN NIGERIA AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR BUSINESS ACTIVITIES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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SECURITY
CHALLENGES IN NIGERIA AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR BUSINESS ACTIVITIES AND
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Nigeria in
recent times has witnessed an unprecedented level of insecurity. This has made
national security threat to be a major issue for the government and has
prompted huge allocation of the national budget to security. In order to
ameliorate the incidence of crime, the federal government has embarked on
criminalization of terrorism by passing the Anti-Terrorism Act in 2011,
installation of Computer-based Closed Circuit Television cameras (CCTV) in some
parts of the country, enhancement of surveillance as well as investigation of
criminal related offences, heightening of physical security measures around the
country aimed at deterring or disrupting potential attacks, strengthening of
security agencies through the provision of security facilities and the
development and broadcast of security tips in mass media (Azazi, 2011). Despite
these efforts, the level of insecurity in the country is still high. In
addition, Nigeria has consistently ranked low in the Global Peace Index (GPI,
2012), signifying a worsened state of insecurity in the country. Hence, Adagba,
et al (2012), Uhunmwuangho and Aluforo (2011) are of the view that the efforts
of government have not yielded enough positive result.
With the
lingering security challenges and the inability of the security apparatus of
the government to guarantee safety and security in the country, the question
that borders everyone in Nigeria today is that “can there be security?” Is
security of lives and properties achievable? Apparently, the security situation
in Nigeria appears or at least have remained insurmountable and many people
have argued that government at all levels has not done enough by not
confronting the situation head on and dealing with it decisively, others have
argued that the situation has a political undertone or inclination calculated
to serve the interest of certain political gods, who have been dissatisfied and
disgruntled about the political manifestations in the country.
Consequently,
the purpose of this paper is to provide a synthesis of existing knowledge on
insecurity by integrating diverse explorations and to propose a strategy for
security management. In the following sections, we examine first, the concept
of insecurity, the causes of insecurity in the country so as to provide a
background for understanding and appreciating the enormity of the problem and
our proposed model for security management in Nigeria. This is followed by an
exploration of the connection between security environment and business
activities and an evaluation of the Nigerian security situation and its
implications for business and sustainable development. Finally, in consonance
with the call on everyone by government, to contribute to the war against
insecurity, the paper proposes a security management model that could assist in
managing security challenges in the country.
1. The Concept of Insecurity
The concept
of insecurity would be best understood by first presenting the concept of
security. In the view of Akin (2008) security refers to “the situation that
exists as a result of the establishment of measures for the protection of
persons, information and property against hostile persons, influences and
actions”. It is the existence of conditions within which people in a society
can go about their normal daily activities without any threats to their lives
or properties. It embraces all measures designed to protect and safeguard the
citizenry and the resources of individuals, groups, businesses and the nation
against sabotage or violent occurrence (Ogunleye, et al, 2011). According to
Igbuzor (2011) it demands safety from chronic threats and protection from
harmful disruption.
Security
however, can be described as stability and continuity of livelihood (stable and
steady income), predictability of daily life (knowing what to expect),
protection from crime (feeling safe), and freedom from psychological harm
(safety or protection from emotional stress which results from the assurance or
knowing that one is wanted, accepted, loved and protected in one’s community or
neighbourhood and by people around. It focuses on emotional and psychological
sense of belonging to a social group which can offer one protection). This
description structured the concept of security into four dimensions. However,
these dimension can be weaved together to give a composite definition of
security as the protection against all forms of harm whether physical, economic
or psychological. It is generally argued however that security is not the
absence of threats or security issues, but the ability to rise to the
challenges posed by these threats with expediency and expertise.
Insecurity
on the other hand, is the antithesis of security. However, because of the very
many ways in which insecurity affects human life and existence, the concept of
insecurity has usually been ascribed different interpretations in association
with the various ways which it affects individuals. Some of the common
descriptors of insecurity include: want of safety; danger; hazard; uncertainty;
want of confidence; doubtful; inadequately guarded or protected; lacking
stability; troubled; lack of protection; and unsafe, to mention a few. All of
these have been used by different people to define the concept of insecurity.
These different descriptors, however, run into a common reference to a state of
vunerability to harm and loss of life, property or livelihood. Beland (2005)
defined insecurity as “the state of fear or anxiety stemming from a concrete or
alleged lack of protection.” It refers to lack or inadequate freedom from
danger. This definition reflects physical insecurity which is the most visible
form of insecurity, and it feeds into many other forms of insecurity such as
economic security and social security.
Two views
are of essence to this paper. These are (1) Insecurity as the state of being
open or subject to danger or threat of danger, where danger is the condition of
being susceptible to harm or injury, and (2) Insecurity as the state of being
exposed to risk or anxiety, where anxiety is a vague unpleasant emotion that is
experienced in anticipation of some misfortune. A major point about insecurity
implied in these definitions is that those affected by insecurity are not only
uncertain or unaware of what would happen but they are also not able to stop it
or protect themselves when it happens. It is in this view that we would
describe insecurity in this paper as: ‘not knowing, a lack of control, and
inability to take defensive action against forces that portend harm or danger
to an individual or group, or what make them vunerable’. ‘Vunerability’ is the
situation that we do not know and we cannot face or anticipate. It is also
something we may know would happen but we are not able to face it.
2. Sources of Insecurity in
Nigeria
To tackle
insecurity, a key starting point should be to understand the causes of
insecurity as well as to investigate their sources of social disorder and
instability. As Andrew and Kennedy (2003) pointed out, it is necessary to
distinguish between different causes as each may require different remedy.
Besides, it is to provide a holistic view to the suggestion or recommendations
of solutions. More often, however, policy makers are disinclined to isolate and
clarify particular causes. They prefer blanket references, with the
consideration that the causes of insecurity are interwoven and contributory to
one another. Like in many other societies, the sources of insecurity in Nigeria
have been traced to a number of factors and explained by different people.
These factors have been classified or grouped into external and internal
factors. Beyond the external-internal dichotomy, sources of insecurity have
also been classified as either remote or proximate and immediate sources/causal
factors. In Nigeria, the challenge is not so much about insecurity of external
sources, but rather that of internal sources. Hence, our focus in this paper is
on the internal sources. We recognize that some internal factors have been
enhanced and strengthened by the presence of external forces, but, there is no
doubt that, if the internal situations did not present themselves, the external
forces would be unable to infiltrate. We present the internal causes of
insecurity in Nigeria using the dichotomy of remote and immediate factors
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