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THE FIGHT
AGAINST CORRUPTION: A TRUE COURSE OR REPRAISAL
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The word
“corrupt” when used as an adjective literally means “utterly broken”. It was
first used by Aristotle and later Cicero who added the terms bribe and
abandonment of good habit. Corruption is a form of dishonest and unethical
conduct by a person entrusted with a position of authority, often to acquire
personal benefit. (Wikipedia; 2015). In an attempt to distinguish between
‘corrupt act’ and ‘corruption’, Amundsen (1999) summits that “corruption is
when individuals misuse the public power they are bestowed with for private
benefit” while corrupt act occurs “when a responsible person accepts money or
some other forms of reward, and then proceed to misuse his official power by
returning undue favours”. Nye defines corruption as a behaviour which deviates
from the normal duties of a public role because of private relationship. This
includes such behaviour as bribery (which is the use of reward to pervert the
judgment of the person in position of trust); nepotism (bestowal of patronage
by reasons of inscriptive relationship than merit); and misappropriation
(illegal appropriation of public resources for private – regarding uses (Nye
cited in Onuigbo & Eme, 2015).
Khan sees
corruption as an act which deviates from the rules of conduct governing the
action of someone in a position of public authority because of private
regarding motives such as wealth, power and status (Khan cited in Amundsen,
1996). Corruption could also be conceived as pervasion of integrity or state of
affairs through bribery, favour or depravity (Otite, 2000).
In a more
holistic conceptualization, the International Monitory Fund (IMF) vignettes
corruption as an abuse of office or trust for private benefit: and is a
temptation indulged in by not only public officials but also by those in
positions of trust and authority in private enterprise or non-profit
organizations (IMF, 1998). Transparency International observes corruption to be
the use of entrusted power for private gain; and is classified as either grand,
petty and political depending on the amount of money lost and the sector where
it occurs. Grand corruption – consists of acts committed at a high level of
government that distorts polity or the central functioning of the state
enabling leaders to benefit at the expense of the public good; Petty corruption
refers to everyday abuse of entrusted power by low and mid-level public
officials in their interactions with ordinary citizens; Political corruption –
involves manipulation of policies, institution and rules of procedures in the
allocation of resources and financing by political decision makers who abuse
their position to sustain their power, status and wealth (Transparency
International, 2015 ).
Lawal (2012)
identifies types of corruption to include: Moral corruption exhibited in sexual
pervasiveness, greed especially in interpersonal relationship, loose tongue,
indecent dressing, etc; Economic corruption example include manufacturing fake
drugs, adulteration of drinks, piracy, plagiarism, fraud at all levels, etc;
Political and bureaucratic corruption includes illegal, unethical and
unauthorized exploitation of one’s political or official position for personal
gain; Electoral corruption has to do with electoral frauds such as election
rigging, manipulations, ballot stuffing, registration of underage, etc (Lawal,
2012).
Corruption
includes bribery, smuggling, fraud, illegal payment, money laundering, drug
trafficking, falsification of documents and records, window dressing, false
declaration, evasion, underpayment, deceit, forgery, concealment, aiding and
abetting of any kind to the detriment of another person, community, society or
nation (Mathew et. al., 2013).
The
arguments and definitions by the authors affirm that corruption manifests for
personal gratification, self-preservation and glory at the expense of general
political and economic growth of a particular state, an organization or any
establishment.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It is
generally agreed that corruption is an evil wind that affect everyone and
retard societal progress. While there are several theories that explain its
prevalence in society, the point to emphasize is that it has become a way of
life in Nigeria. This explains why it has been difficult to combat its rising
profile.
In spite of
the fact that the country, boast of one of the most resourceful citizenry and
natural endowment in the world, these potentials have often been frittered away
through corruption and mismanagement. Olugbade (1992) quoting Diamond argued
that the Nigerian state “can command and expend vast resources, but it cannot
get things done. Thus, the state has become the primary means for the
accumulation of personal wealth”. It has been argued that the“ politics of
competition over allocation of resources, or what in Nigeria is called „the
national cake‟, has its most dire consequences in the transformation of offices
of the state into prebends” (Joseph, 1987).However, successive governments in
Nigeria have made concerted efforts to address the issue of corruption. But
their antidotes, where applied, have often fallen short of the required impact
to turn the state of corruption around for good (Akhakpe, 2014). It would
appear that the nature of the Nigerian society makes corruption a persistent
and lucrative business. For examples, during the colonial administration,
stealing from the government was celebrated. Yet, years of military autocratic
regimes made accountability by public officers difficult if not impossible. The
effect of this development is a cynosure of all eyes; virtually all sectors of
the economy are at varying degree of decay.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The study
sought to understand the motive behind the fight against corruption in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
Based the
objective of the study, the question that comes to mind is, “is the fight
against corruption in Nigeria a true course or a reprisal?”
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Ho: The
fight against corruption in Nigeria is not a true course but a reprisal.
Hi: The
fight against corruption in Nigeria is a true course.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study
will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this
topic and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their work. This
study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a bench mark or guide for
other work or study.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study
on the fight against corruption is set to know the causes of corruption in
Nigeria today with a view of finding a lasting solution to the problem.
1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
1. Financial constraint– Insufficient
fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the
relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data
collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
2. Time constraint– The researcher will
simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently
will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Corruption:
Corruption is a form of dishonest or unethical conduct by a person entrusted
with a position of authority, often to acquire personal benefit. Corruption may
include many activities including bribery and embezzlement, though it may also
involve practices that are legal in many countries.
Fight: To attempt to harm or gain power over an
adversary by blows or with weapons
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