ATTENTION:
BEFORE
YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ
THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU
CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COSTS N5,000
ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE
BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08168759420
INCIDENCE OF COLOR BLINDNESS
ABSTRACT
Colour vision
deficiency and colour blindness are synonymous terms describing poor colour
discrimination by the visual senses.
Congenital colour vision defects
are common, x-linked inherited, non-progressive and untreatable disorders. Elsewhere, screening for these disorders are
an established practice so that those affected can be advised about
occupational preclusions. However,
population-based study on the broader impact of colour vision defects is
limited. A descriptive crosssectional survey was conducted using Plates 1-17 of
the 2008 edition of the Ishihara’s colour album. The study was undertaken in Ugep, a rural
community in Cross River State, Nigeria.
A convenient sample of 1500 male and female subjects ranging from 10-60
years of age was used and the selection was based on cluster sampling. The study reveals that the prevalence of
congenital colour vision deficiency in Nigerians living in Ugep is 1.87%(28 of
1500 subjects) and that of total colour blindness is barely 0.20%. The gender
distribution of colour blindness in the sample 2.8% for males and 0.7% for
females indicates a significantly greater frequency of defect among males than
females (p<0.001,df=1). The
distribution of colour blindness based on age brackets
10-20,2130,31-40,41-50,51-60 years was 16,2,1,9,0 and this reveals no sequence
between age and the defect (p<0.001,df=1).
The findings which serve as base line data for the area under
investigation are inconsistent with Nigerian samples reported for other regions
in the country but the regional variations are not accounted for. Populationbased screening for colour vision
deficiency helpful for prevocational counselling is recommended.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
Certification i Dedication ii
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
Table of Content v
List of tables vii
List of figures viii
Glossary ix
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
Introduction
1.1. Background of the Study - - - - -
1
1.2. Statement of Problem - - - - -
2
1.3. Significance of Study - - -
- - 3
1.4. Purpose of Study -
- - - - 4
1.5. Objectives of Study - - - - -
- 4
1.6. Research Hypotheses - - - - - -
4
1.7. Research Questions -
- - - - -
4
1.8. Glossary - - -
- - - - -
4
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0
Review of Related Literature
2.1. Basic Theories of Colour Vision
- - -
- 5
2.2.
Classification of Congenital Colour Vision -
- 6
2.3. Prevalence of
Congenital Colour Vision Deficiency - 8
2.4. Importance of
Investigating Colour Vision Deficiency 10
2.5. Clinical Tests of Colour Vision - - - -
12 CHAPTER THREE
3.0
Methods and Methodology
3.1. The Research Design - - - - - -
15
3.2. The Study Area - - - - -
- 15
3.3. The Sample - - - - -
- - 15
3.4. Sampling Procedure - - - -
- - 16
3.5. Instrument for Data Collection -
- - - 16
3.6. Procedure for Data Collection
- - -
- 16
3.7. Method of Data Analysis - - - - -
17
3.8. Validity of Ishihara Test Plates - -
- - 17
3.9. Ethical Consideration - - - - - -
18
CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 Presentation of Results
4.1 Frequency of Colour Vision Deficiency --
- 19
4.2 Frequency of Different Types of Colour
Vision Defect - 20
4.3 Frequency of Colour Vision Deficiency Based
on Gender - 22
4.4 Frequency of Colour Vision Deficiency Based on
Age -24
CHAPTER FIVE 5.0
Discussion of Findings
5.1 Discussion -
- - - - -
- 26
5.2 Summary and Conclusion - - - - -
- 30
5.3 Recommendation -
- - - - -
- 30 5.4
Suggestion - - - - -
- - - 31
References - - -
- - - - -
32 Appendix I - - -
- - - - -
38
Appendix II - -
- - - - -
- 39
Appendix III -
-
- - - - 40
Appendix IV -
- - -
- - -
- 41 LIST
OF TABLES
Page
Table
1a: Prevalence of Normal/Defective Colour Vision - -- 19
Table 1b: Chi
square Analysis of Data on Prevalence of
Normal/Defective Colour Vision
- - -
- - - 19
Table 2a:
Frequencies of the Various Types of Colour Vision Defects
Detected in the Sample -
- - - - -
- 20
Table 2b: Chi
square Tests Statistics on the Frequencies of Types
Of Colour Vision Defects - -
- - - - -
22
Table 3a: Gender
specific Prevalence of Colour Vision Deficiency
22
Table 3b: Chi
square Tests Statistics on Gender specific Prevalence
of Colour Vision Deficiency - - - - -
- 23
Table
4: Age specific Prevalence of Colour Vision Deficiency -
24
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1: Pie Chart Showing the Prevalence of Normal/Defective
Colour Vision 19
Fig. 2: Bar Chart Showing the Prevalence of
Dichromats and
Monochromats 21
Fig. 3: Bar Chart Showing Gender Specific Distribution of
Colour Vision
Deficiency - -
- - - 23
Fig. 4: Bar Chart showing age specific Prevalence of
Colour Vision
Deficiency 24
GLOSSARY
Colour
Vision Deficiency
Inability to identify one or more colours of the spectrum.
Colour Blindness
Misleading term for deficient or anomalous colour vision. It does not mean that objects are seen only
in black and white but refers to types and degrees of colour confusion.
Trichromat
A person who is able to perceive the three primary colours – red, green
and blue.
Dichromat
A person who is able to perceive only two of the primary colours and
colour matching is done with only the two colours. Monochromat
A person who cannot perceive any colour but sees the whole spectrum
in different shades of gray. Protan
A person who has red colour blindness due to absence of red
sensitive pigment in the cone Deutan
A person who has green colour blindness.
Tritan
A person who has blue colour blindness. Ishihara’s Colour Album
Charts by Japanese Ophthalmologist, Shinobu Ishihara, used for
detecting different types of colour vision defects.
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Colour
identification is one of our most important visual abilities and nearly
everyone including colour vision defective individuals can see colour and make
discriminations based on colour. This
general tendency seems to query the rationale for screening colour vision and
minimizes the benefits derived from available reports on colour blindness.
In the course
of studying normal colour vision, investigators have observed a wide range of
colour discrimination ability especially under such circumstances as the
absence of cues, poor illumination, working at speed and viewing objects that
subtend a narrow angle at the eye. It is
further observed that colour vision defectives show colour vision deficits when
compared with those with normal colour vision (Ishihara, 2008; Williams et al,
1998; and Balasundaram and Reddy, 2006).
However, some claim that colour vision deficiency does not interfere
with daily routine or lifestyle since a reduced visual acuity is not associated
with it. Most people with colour vision
defects develop effective adaptive strategies and behaviours, and they use
other cues such as colour saturation, to deal with any potential limitations in
their professional personal life. This
makes it possible for most colour blind individuals not to be aware their
deficiency (Holroyd and Hall, 1997).
Others speculate that clinicians are reluctant in colour vision
investigations because should a congenital deficiency be identified there is no
treatment for those affected (Adams and Haegerstrom, 1987).
Ishihara(2008)
identified colour vision deficiency of congenital origin as the commonest form
of colour vision disturbances and explained that most cases of congenital
colour vision deficiency are characterized by a red-green deficiency which may
be red colour blindness(protan defect) or green colour blindness(deutan
defect). The main peculiarity of redgreen deficiency is said to be the fact
that red and green colours appear as grey or dark while blue and other colours
appear remarkably clear. The application
of this peculiarity to the test for colour vision deficiency is the
distinguishing feature of Ishihara test which is used to survey the prevalence
of congenital colour vision deficiency in Ugep.
The use of
Ishihara colour album has been practiced routinely for many years as screening
tools for the assessment of congenital colour vision deficiency. Besides their role as simple diagnostic
devices, they are of sufficient sensitivity to allow investigators use the
results in a clinically meaningful way.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The screening
of colour vision is not well appreciated and even clinicians often conduct only
a cursory examination of this aspect of vision.
Perhaps, this is because it is generally believed that colour blindness
is a minor inconvenience without any functional disadvantage on an individual
(Cumberland et al, 2004). More so, in a
society where there is less social discrimination coupled with increasing
emphasis on equal opportunity, people with impaired colour vision are allowed
to undertake jobs that require critical colour judgment. Hence, many do not consider the need to
assess their colour vision status.
However, the
problem situation is that most of the items in daily use, including colour
computer monitors, colour pictures, symbols and printed matter are coloured
materials that place a demand on us to interact with and distinguish numerous
shades and tints of colour. Again, the
rising technology poses basic challenges.
Firstly, several careers now require critical colour judgment and
employees are thus expected to possess fine colour discrimination ability. Secondly, there is continuously lower cost of
colour printing that makes available more coloured materials and further
increases our chances of relying on our colour vision function. The situation tends to be critical in that
what is largely available is the extrapolations of prevalence of colour
blindness not based on specific data sources.
Such estimates have very limited relevance to the actual prevalence of
colour blindness in any region.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
Counselling a subject concerning colour
vision defect is an important component of colour vision testing. Therefore, the present survey may help to
control the handicap of colour vision deficiency when used for counseling
subjects concerning the effects of defective colour vision on daily routine of
life, learning progress and effectiveness in occupations that require critical
colour judgment. Also, those who are
congenitally colour defective may be unaware of their own deficiencies and
early diagnosis is valuable not only in this respect, but also in planning
vocational choices (Taylor,1971). Again,
an assessment of colour discrimination helps to determine the functional and
structural intactness of the sense of vision (Tusa and Newman, 1995). Finally, the study might provide a basis for
comparison of the prevalence of colour blindness in the area under
investigation with what is observed in other areas as researchers attempt to
formulate hypotheses on the significance of colour vision deficits in human
populations.
1.4
PURPOSE OF STUDY
The aim of the
study is to assess the status of visual perception of colour among individuals
in the study area.
1.5 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
To determine
the prevalence of colour vision deficiency in the study area.
To verify the
claim that total colour blindness is a rare condition. To examine the
occurrence of colour vision deficiency in the area on the basis of gender and
age.
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
There is no
significant difference between the occurrence of normal colour vision and
defective colour vision in the population.
Total colour
blindness is not a rare condition.
The prevalence
of colour vision deficiency is not associated with gender and age.
1.7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
What is the
prevalence of defective colour vision in the population?
Is total colour
blindness a rare condition?
Is the
prevalence of colour vision deficiency associated with gender and age?
HOW
TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE,
print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy
our complete written material(s).
HOW
TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After
paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the
following information to
08068231953
or 08168759420
(1)
Your project topics
(2)
Email Address
(3)
Payment Name
(4)
Teller Number
We
will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK
ACCOUNTS
Account
Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account
Number: 0046579864
Bank:
GTBank.
OR
Account
Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account
Number: 3139283609
Bank:
FIRST BANK
FOR
MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953
or 08168759420
https://projectmaterialsng.blogspot.com.ng/
https://foreasyprojectmaterials.blogspot.com.ng/
https://mypostumes.blogspot.com.ng/
https://myeasymaterials.blogspot.com.ng/
https://eazyprojectsmaterial.blogspot.com.ng/
https://easzprojectmaterial.blogspot.com.ng/
Comments
Post a Comment