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IMPACT OF VEHICULAR
EMISSION ON AIR QUALITY ALONG HIGHWAYS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Vehicular emission remains a threat to environmental health
problem which is expected to increase
reasonably as vehicle ownership increases in the world. Over
600 million people globally are exposed to hazardous level of traffic –
generated pollutants UN, (1998). Human exposure to these air pollutants due to
traffic is believed to have constituted severe health problems especially in
urban areas where pollution levels are on the increase.
Pollution due to traffic constitute up to 90 – 95% of the
ambient CO levels, 80 – 90% of NOx, hydrocarbon and particulate matter in the
world, posing a serious threat to human health Savile, (1993). Research
conducted a decade and half ago has shown that transportation sources in the
USA were responsible for 77% of CO levels, 80 -90% of NOx, 36% of volatile
organic compounds and 22% of particulate matter USEPA, (1993). Similarly, in UK
the average concentration of NO2 was found to increase by 35% from 1986 to 1991
due to increase in vehicular emission CEC, (1992). On the global sense, Seneca
and Tausig, (1994), Faucet and Sevingny (1998) have all arrived at the same
conclusion that transportation is the major culprit of air pollution accounting
for over 80% of total air pollutants. This is a clear indication that vehicle
emissions are a major source of ambient air pollution and must be controlled if
acceptable air quality is to be assured. In addition, there are numerous health
problems associated with high concentration of these pollutants. For example
NO2 is responsible for immune system impairment, exacerbation of asthma and
chronic respiratory diseases: reduced lung function and cardiovascular disease
Schwela, (2000). Particulates are dangerous and are linked as facilitators in
the development of lung cancer and increase rate of mortality Schwela, (2000).
An epidemiological study in US has shown that acute exposure
to vehicle emissions over ten years period reduces lung function among tunnel
officers Evans, (1998). A similar study confirms that there is a prevalence of
chronic bronchitis and asthma in street cleaners exposed to vehicle pollutants
in concentrations higher than WHO recommended guidelines, thus leading to
significant increase in respiratory problems Rachou, (1995). Having viewed
these consequences, the need to embark on research of this kind becomes
obvious. This research work is intended to investigate the level of vehicular
emission and air quality standard in a growing city Calabar, Nigeria. The
knowledge from this investigation will assist authority in planning adequate
pollution control measures. It is equally hoped that the study will generate
interest on further research on the impact of vehicle emission on air quality
and health implications in Calabar in particular and Nigeria in general for
effective air quality control and management.
1.2
Statement of the problem
There may have been previous researches in this subject. This
work gives further explanations and analysis in impact of vehicular emission on
air quality along highways
a.
Objectives of the study
1.
To
understand the impact of vehicular emission on air quality along highways
2.
To
understand the relationship between vehicular emission and air quality along
highways
b.
Research questions
1. What is the impact of vehicular
emission on air quality along highways
2. What is the relationship between
vehicular emission and air quality along highways
1.5
Research hypothesis
H0: There is no relationship between
vehicular emission and air quality along highways
H1: There is a relationship between
vehicular emission and air quality along highways
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