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FACTORS
INFLUENCING THE ATTITUDE OF WOMEN OF TOWARD FAMILY PLANNING IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study
There are many variables that determine the attitude of woman of
childbearing age toward family planning; such variables could be viewed from
Socio-economic factor, Cultural Factor Community norms, Religious affiliation,
Gender role and Effectiveness of the services.Family planning is the technique
that enables couples to determine when to have baby. There are a numbers of
available family planning techniques (elaitan, 2011).Techniques commonly used
include Oral pills, Depo Provera, Noristerat, IUCD, Condoms, Implant, and
Sterilization etc.Family planning also known as birth control is most usually
applied to couples who wish to limit the numbers of children they have and to
control the timing of pregnancy (spacing children).
Family planning is when and how many children to have and the use of
birth control techniques to implement such plans, so that they can give utmost
care to the children, financially, psychologically and socially (United States
Department of Agriculture, 2007). According to WHO, (2004) family planning is a
way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily, upon the basis of
knowledge, attitudes and responsible decision by individuals and couples in
order to promote the health and welfare of family groups and thus contribute
effectively to the social development of aCountry.
However, family planning is usually used as a synonym for child
spacing birth control. Family planning
may encompass sterilization as well as pregnancy termination. It also includes
raising a child with methods that require significant, amount of resources
namely: time, social, financial and environment. Family planning measures are
designed to regulate the number and spacing of children, within a family,
largely to curb population growth, and ensure each family has access to
limitedresources.
The concept of women of childbearing age toward family planning can
be applied to a wide range of sexual and reproductive health decision. It
focuses on whether to seek, to avoid pregnancy, whether to space and time one’s
childbearing, whether to use contraception, what family methods to be used, and
whether or when to continue or switch methods in family planning.
The attitude of women of childbearing age toward family planning
focuses on the individual; however it also influences a range of outside
factors such as: Social economic and Cultural norms, Gender roles, Social
networks, Religiousand Local beliefs (Bosveld 2000).
To a large extent, these community norms determine individual
childbearing preferences and sexual reproductive behaviour. It is usually
though that community and culture affect a person attitude toward family
planning desire for sex of children pressures to have children and whether or
not family planning accords with customs and religious beliefs.
It has been observed that many couples, especially women who are
directly exposed to risk of unwanted pregnancy, do not utilized available
family planning services. Thus, the attitude of women toward family planning is
not encouraging; it is this underutilization of family planning that the
researcher delved to find out what may be responsible for the attitude of women
of childbearing age toward family planning.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Reduction in population growth is believed to improve in country’s
prospects for economic development which in turn is believed to enhance a
county’s ability to improve the lives of the citizens. In the case of Nigeria,
we can see the rapid growth of population according to (census 2006) population
figure. There is no such socio-economic issue that is grave and pressing than
that of the population growth.
Thus, to save the country from such grave problem it is essential
that the population growth should be planned and well checked.The increasing
growth of Nigerian population without a commensurate rate of economic
development has become a serious problem requiring urgent solution.
Despite the population attention family planning has gained and it’s
important to the society they are still underutilized. It is believed as
observed by scholars that certain variables influence the attitude of citizens
of childbearing age toward family planning services utilization. This study thus focuses attention on
investigating the factor that influences the attitude of women of childbearing
age toward family planning in Calabar Metropolis.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
Generally, the purpose of the study is to investigate the factors
influencing attitude of women of childbearing age toward family planning in
Calabar municipality, the study specifically investigated:
1. Deposition
of women of childbearing age toward family planning in Calabar metropolis.
2. The
influence of socio-economic status on the attitude of women toward family
planning.
3. Whether
religious affiliation influence attitude of women toward family planning.
4. The
influence of cultural norms on attitude of women towards family planning
5. Whether
educational status affects attitude of women of childbearing age toward family
planning.
1.4 Research Question
The study provided answers
to the following questions:
1. What
is the disposition of women of childbearing age toward family planning in
Calabar metropolis?
2. To
what extent does socio-economic status influence attitude of women of childbearing
age toward family planning?
3. How
does religious affiliation influence attitude of women of childbearing age
toward family planning
4. To
what extent dose cultural norms influence attitude of women of child bearing
age toward family planning.
5. How
does educational status affect attitude of women of childbearing age toward
family planning in Calabar metropolis?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
Based on the objective of the study, the following hypotheses were
formulated to guide the study.
1. Disposition
of women of childbearing age toward family planning is significantly low in
Calabar metropolis.
2. Socio-economic
status would not significantly influence attitude of women of childbearing age
toward family planning.
3. Religious
affiliation would not have any significant influence the attitude of women of
childbearing age toward family planning.
4. There
would be no significant influence of cultural norms on attitude of women of
child bearing age toward family planning.
5. Educational
status of women, of child bearing age would not significantly influence their
attitude toward family planning.
6.
Significance
of study
The result of this study as
envisaged will be of great assistance to women of child bearing age. Who are at
the receiving end of consequences of using contraception or no utilization of
available services?
This research work will also be of
help to currently married women and their partners who have no knowledge about
family planning.
It
will help them to equipped with skill on how to avoid unwanted pregnancy.
It may also give an insight on how
they could make their choice on different family planning methods. In addition,
it will foster their acceptance of family planning since both the modern and
the traditional methods of family planning are provided.The study will create
awareness and exposure on the need of child spacing and the number of children
they can care for in terms of education among parents.
The study will also be significant
to policy formulators and executors regarding the effective use of family
planning.Finally, the research will be significant to reproductive health
researchers as it may serve as a reference material.
1.7. Delimitation of the study
This study investigated the factors influencing
the disposition of women toward
family planning in Calabar metropolis. The study did not include their male
counterparts. The study investigated selected variable such as: socio-economic
status, religious affiliation, cultural norms and effect of educational status,
besides the attitude of these women toward family planning.
1.8. Limitation of the study
This study was limited by certain factors which
limit the smooth conduct of the
study.These factors include:
Lack
fund to carryout elaborate research work.
Uncooperative
attitude willingness of some people to give responds consistently to the
research instrument.
The
time gap for the completion of this research was also short. The researcher had
to work even at odd hours in order to completethe research on time
1.
9
Definition of Terms
The following key terms have been
defined for classification.
1. Family planning:
It is the decision made by a couple to bear the number of children they will be
able to care for and to have them.
2. Attitude:
This refers to the behaviour of women toward family planning neither positive
nor negative which influence theirusage.
3. Childbearing Age:
This means the period women’s menstruation starts to the period of puberty to
menopause.
4. Knowledge:
It refers to the degree of awareness and understanding of family planning and
available family planning services.
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