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THE
INFLUENCE OF PARENT-CHILD BONDING ON SOCIAL ORIENTATION OF ADOLESCENTS
ABSTRACT
The study
examined the influence of parent-child bonding on social orientation of
children in Mainland Local Government Area of Lagos State. In this study, an
extensive and relevant literature was reviewed under related sub-headings. The
descriptive research survey design was applied in this study in order to assess
the opinions of the selected respondents with the use of the questionnaire and
the sampling technique. Also, a total of 120 (one hundred and twenty)
respondents were selected and used in this study. Four null hypotheses were
formulated and tested in this study, with the use of the independent t-test and
the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistical tools at 0.05 level of
significance to determine the two variables in the study. At the end of the
analysis, the following results emerged:
1. Parent-child
bonding significantly influence social orientation of children.
2. Ethnic
differences in parent-child bonding significantly influence adolescents’ social
orientation in the society.
3. There is
no significant impact of religion on parent-child bonding.
4. There is
no significant difference of socio-economic status in parent-child bonding on
adolescent’s social orientation of adolescents
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction/Background to the Study
Human beings
are social creatures that choose to live among others of their kind. Gradually,
beginning in infancy, humans acquire the behaviours and concepts that fit them
for group life. This process known as socialization, occurs naturally as
parents and others guide the young ones toward the behaviours, values, goals
and motives that the society deems appropriate (Harlows, 2000). According to
Levine (2003), young animals, including man, often form strong attachments to
their man soon after birth. The bond ensures that offsprings will remain nearby
so that they may be nurtured and protected, and taught to behave adaptively.
Once a
fundamental attachment is established, the parent is apt to do more talking,
rocking and holding. This responsive social stimulation increases the
youngster’s eye contact, babbling and smiling, thereby binding parent and child
even more tightly (Yarrow, 2002). But the progress of true maturity may be
measured in part by an individual’s growing awareness of and interest in, other
persons, together with an appreciation of their rights and desires and a
willingness to subordinate personal wishes to the greater good of the greater
number (Yarrow, 2002). Expanding the child’s social consciousness as he moves
toward maturity is an important training problem. The outcome represents the
difference between a “spoilt, disagreeable, poorly adjusted child and a likable
youngster who is finding acceptable social adjustments”.
A child who
is born into a warm environment as well as peaceful and loving parents, is more
likely to grow up happily, showing love to others, especially his/her peers at
school or at home. Whereas an unwanted child who starts to experience
frustration and rejection at the early age through the attitudes of his or her
parents and other adults around his environment, is more likely to grow up as
an unhappy child. By the time the child matures into an adolescents, the
character is made up from his childhood experiences. This is because, most
children do not relate well with their parents due to the negative and
frustrating attitudes of their parents. Most parents treat their children badly
and their ways of behaviour does not promote cordial relationship between them
and their children. However, it is mainly at the adolescent stage that parents
begin to notice deviant behaviours in the child when he or she fails to meet up
with their expectations, without thinking of the background they have provided
for the child’s development (Adindu, 2005).
Bernhardt
(2004) believes that lack of good and healthy relationship between parents and their
children brings about social awkwardness, which makes him (the adolescent)
sometimes to be loud and noisy, tending to show off, swings quickly from one
mood to another, occasionally reverts to childish behaviour, and has period of
rebellion to authorities of both parents and adult members of the society. All
these and other similar patterns of behaviour of the adolescent may be trying
to parents, difficult to understand and accept.
According to
Adamson (2003) constant criticism of the child, nagging at him, or punishment
are more likely to make him worse in behaviour. Children of nagging and
punishing parents, produce children who are aggressive, wicked, disobedient and
negatively adjusted to the norms and values of the community where they live.
The resultant effect is that these children reared in an unconducive parental
environment grow up to transfer aggression to other children in their
surroundings or the school.
1.1
Theoretical Background to the Study
Basically,
parents from different cultures, sub-cultures, and social classes have
different values, concerns and beliefs on life that influence their
childbearing practices. The modern theories in developmental psychology conceive
the interaction between the caregiver and the child as crucial to all
psychological growth. A child’s parents and the emotional atmosphere of the
home greatly influence the kind of person the infant will become. During the
early years, parental attitudes towards the infant are critical.
Cross-culturally, these episodes of face-to-face play are a universal feature
of the early interaction between caregivers (parents) and infants. However, the
frequency, duration, and goals of these episodes differ among cultures. For
example, United States mothers employ more social overtures (such as tickling)
that stimulates and excites their babies; mothers in Kenya are more soothing
and quieting in their initiatives (Vine et al, 1994); while Japanese mothers
typically, focus on establishing mutual intimacy by maintaining eye with their
infants as well as kissing and hugging (Bornstein and Lambs, 2002). Fathers
seem to be active partners, and older siblings and other adults also assume
active role in infant care and participate in social play with babies in many
non-western cultures (Thonick, 1999).
Bowlby
(1990) theorized that attachment is the affectionate bond between infant and
caregivers and is vital component of healthy functioning. Bowlby (1990)
believes that every child, like the young of other animal species, is endowed
with a set of built-in behaviours (e.g. smiling, grasping, crying, gazing) that
help to keep the parent nearby and thereby increase the chances that the child
will be protected from danger. Contact with the parent also, ensures that the
baby will be fed, but Bowlby was careful to point out that feeding is not the
basis for attachment. Instead, the attachment bond has strong biological roots,
can best be understood within an evolutionary framework in which the survival
of the species is of utmost importance.
1.2
Statement of Problem
A child who
is born into a warm environment as well as peaceful and loving parents, is more
likely to grow up happily, showing love to others, especially his/her peers at
school or at home. Whereas an unwanted child who starts to experience
frustration and rejection at the early age through the attitudes of his or her
parents and other adults around his environment, is more likely to grow up as
an unhappy child. By the time the child matures into an adolescents, the
character is made up from his childhood experiences. This is because, most
children do not relate well with their parents due to the negative and
frustrating attitudes of their parents. Most parents treat their children badly
and their ways of behaviour does not promote cordial relationship between them
and their children. However, it is mainly at the adolescent stage that parents
begin to notice deviant behaviours in the child when he or she fails to meet up
with their expectations, without thinking of the background they have provided
for the child’s development.
Lack of good
and healthy relationship between parents and their children brings about social
awkwardness, which makes him (the adolescent) sometimes to be loud and noisy,
tending to show off, swings quickly from one mood to another, occasionally
reverts to childish behaviour, and has period of rebellion to authorities of
both parents and adult members of the society. All these and other similar patterns
of behaviour of the adolescent may be trying to parents, difficult to
understand and accept.
1.3 Purpose
of Study
The
objectives of this study include:
1. To find
out whether the parent-child bonding influences children’s social orientation
in the community.
2. To
examine whether ethnicity affects parent-child bonding and adolescent’s social
orientation.
3. To assess
whether religion influences parent-child bonding on adolescent’s social
orientation.
4. To find
out whether socio-economic status influences parent-child bonding on
adolescent’s social orientation.
1.4 Research
Questions
The
following research questions were raised in this study:
1. Does
parent-child bonding influence children’s social orientation?
2. Does
ethnicity affect parent-child bonding and adolescent’s social orientation?
3. Does
religion influence parent-child bonding and adolescent’s social orientation?
5. To what
extent does socio-economic status influence parent-child bonding and adolescent’s
social orientation?
1.5 Research
Hypotheses
The
following hypotheses were formulated for testing in this study:
1.
Parent-child bonding does not significantly influence social adjustment of
adolescents in the society.
2. Ethnic
difference in parent-child bonding will not significantly influence
adolescent’s social orientation.
3. There
will be no significant impact of religion on parent-child bonding.
4. There
will be no difference of socio-economic status in parent-child bonding on
adolescent’s social orientation.
1.6
Significance of the Study
This study
will be beneficial to the following individuals:
1. Parents
would benefit from the study, because the recommendations and the findings will
be an eye-opener to their previous perceptions of the way they rear their
children in the community.
2.
Adolescents would also benefit from this study because it will enable them to
understand the best way to be attached to their parents. This study will help
adolescents to understand that they should relate well with their parents, and
should always ensure that they remain attached to their parents. Not only that,
this study will expose all the styles parents have been using to rear their
children in the family and how they are faired in the proper up-bringing of the
child in the home.
3. Society –
The society, the up-coming researchers, the students etc, would, through this
study, be abreast with the fact that there is need for parent-child
relationship which augurs well for the social orientation of the child in the
society.
1.7 Scope of
the Study
The study
examined the influence of parent-child bonding on the social orientation of
adolescents in Lagos metropolis.
1.8
Definition of Terms
Operational
terms were defined in this study in the following ways:
(1)
Parent-Child Bonding: This is a term which expresses the relationship or
attachment between parents and their children. Often times, parents do not have
the closeness or good relationship between them and their children. Children
with good or positive parent-child attachment, are usually good members of a
given society, while those with without good or positive parent-child
attachment are usually children with negative social adjustment in the society.
(2) Social
Orientation: This is a term that refers the social behaviour or character of a
particular individual child in a community. This is the totality of an
individuals attitude or behaviour in his/her society.
(3)
Adolescence: This is a period of life from puberty to adulthood (roughly ages
between 12 – 20) characterized by marked physiological changes, development of
sexual feelings, efforts towards the construction of identity, and a
progression from concrete to abstract thought. It is a transitional state
during which youths begin to separate themselves from their parents.
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