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MODE OF
UNIVERSITIES HOSTEL ACCOMMODATION AND STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
ABSTRACT
The study
was on Mode of Universities Students’ Hostel Accommodation And Students’
Academic Performance in Selected Federal Universities in Nigeria. Accommodation
which is also referred to as shelter has been described as the second basic
necessities of man after food. The need for housing cannot be over emphasized.
According to habitat.com, urban populations have increased rapidly across the
globe, often outstripping available housing. In case of students in the
universities, housing refers to the provision of ‘on campus’ hostel accommodation.
In recent times, as a result of expansion in student population, hostel
accommodation for university students in Nigeria has become a major concern for
both students, parents and even to the school authorities as almost all the
universities fail to provide adequate accommodation for students. In cases
where it is provided, such accommodation is known to be terribly bad, dirty,
congested and overcrowded thereby impeding their capability of learning
effectively. The objectives of this research work however is to determine if
there are any effect of students’ hostel accommodation on academic performance.
The research instrument used for this study are the results of both the
accommodated and not accommodated 400 levels students for the last three sessions
(i.e. 100L – 300L) and an interview guide. The interview guide was administered
on 600 students from the universities of Lagos and Ibadan of which only 400
responses were collected, relevant and therefore useful for the study. The data
gathered were used to compute a descriptive statistics tables and for the
presentation, the research hypotheses one was tested using Paired sample T-test
statistical techniques as an inferential analysis and hypothesis two was tested
with the aid of the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient (PMCC) to
derive the conclusion for the study. The major findings of the research showed
that there is a significant difference in the academic performance of students
that are ‘on-campus’ to those staying ‘off-campus’ . On-campus students
performed better academically than off-campus students. It was revealed that
the sex and age of the students do not determine or influence the mode of
allocation of hostels in Federal Universities. It was recommended that federal
universities in Nigeria must look for a way of increasing the number of bed
space available in the halls of residence by directly building additional
blocks to the existing ones and involving private sector partnership.Secondly,
the universities, being citadel of higher learning should be involved in
research, development and demonstration of local building materials for student
housing construction. This will involve the concerted efforts of the lecturers,
researchers, students and the backing of the university authorities and, thus
saving cost on construction.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
to the Study
Housing
generally refers to the social problem of ensuring that members of society have
a home in which to live, whether this is a house, or some other kind of
dwelling, lodging, or shelter. Many governments have an administrative section
that deals with housing. The significance of housing as a major determinant of
man’s welfare, life sustenance and survival is very critical and will always be
of prime concern to individual, family, community and the nation at large.
Housing is
paramount to human existence as it ranks among the top three needs of man. Its
provision has always been of great necessity to man. As a unit of the
environment, housing has profound influence on the health, efficiency and
social welfare of the community (Omole, 2001).
In case of students
in the universities, housing refers to the provision of hostel accommodation.
In recent times, as a result of expansion in student population, hostel
accommodations for university students in Nigeria has become a major concern
for both students, parents and even to the school authorities as almost all the
universities fail to provide adequate accommodation facility for students. In
cases where it is provided, such accommodation is known to be terribly bad,
dirty, congested and overcrowded thereby impeding their capability of learning
effectively.
The
importance of the social environment in students’ life cannot be
overemphasized. Availability, adequacy, and functionality of hostel facilities
are the key factors in the determination of students’ choice of university,
staying focused and satisfaction. This therefore makes it imperative for
schools to give students housing a top priority while enhancing the reputation
of the school among other contemporaries. The students’ housing is said to
include facilities such as bedrooms which can serve the dual purpose of study
and sleeping, bathrooms and toilets, kitchen, laundry, recreational areas and
access to internet services as this further enhance the study-learning
experience.
Abramson
(2009) on his part, stated that the student housing can be further made
exciting by providing further facilities such as ATM machines, car park, mini
markets, bookshops and cafeterias within the precinct of the students’ housing.
Federal
universities in Nigeria face a momentous challenge every year to accommodate
and maintain the hostel facilities in the universities. Within the higher
education sector, there is a large increase in the student intake every year.
Therefore, the importance of hostels facilities for university undergraduates
has substantially increased. Since, it is believed that the facilities provided
in the hostels for the students has some impact on their academic performance.
The lack of satisfaction in the hostels has motivated many generations of students
to take action against the unsatisfactory conditions and many unfortunate
incidents of student militancy were originated in the hostels (Weeramunda,
2008). Furthermore, lack of general knowledge, experience, maturity, lack of
practical skills and analytical ability as well as ill-equipped teaching,
classroom environment, financial difficulties, poor residential facilities and
lack of communication between students and teachers have been identified as
main factors handicapping students from fully enjoying the benefits of
university education (Ariyawansa & Perera, 2005 as in Perera, 2013).
As
competitive as hostel accommodation in federal universities in Nigeria may be,
the mode and procedures for allocating hostels/bed space poses yet another
migraine. While some universities make reservations for the first and final
year students in order to ease their worries and quickly settle down to the
business of learning, others provide equal opportunity to all students to vie
for available space. The latter most times is either carried out by first come,
first serve basis, the purchase of scratch card and/or balloting means. However
the approach, if it does not provide hostel accommodation for all desirous
students especially the new students (who are struggling to settle down in a
new environment) and the final years students (who at the time, would have a
lot of commitment within the school environment), then, such arrangement/system
is not adequate and effective.
In most
cases, facilities provided at campus in federal universities are so obsolete
and poorly maintained. Some of the facilities sparking protest included the
lack of adequate power supply, water supply, good convenience (toilets and
bathroom), maintenance of electrical gadgets, entertainment gadgets (such as
television, decoders at the common rooms), etc. despite paying exorbitant fees.
In fact, one of the universities was recently shut down when a 300level student
was electrocuted and killed by a naked wire in the hostel staircase (Daily
Times 30th April, 2016). Students vent their anger on school management for not
maintaining the facilities despite several complaints.
The
variables we chose to measure the living and study environments are listed
below. In these variables, a hostel is a place where student housing and
catering needs are provided. Data were obtained on two types of variables
thought to be related to GPA by conducting a survey of a random sample of
resident students: variables measuring the living environment, and variables
measuring the study environment:
The
Variables measuring the living environments are: Time spent in hostel; Type of
room; Number of times student changes blocks; Ability to study in room during
the day; Ability to study in room at night; Sources from where students obtains
their meals; Satisfaction with the level of services provided by the catering
departments; Sufficiency of water supply in the hostels; Safety in rooms;
Effectiveness of security personnel.
On the other
hand, the Variables measuring the study environments are field of study;
Current year of study; Financial assistance; Time spent on study; Sufficiency
of study rooms; Library facilities; Safety studying at classes at night;
Availability of study desk in room; Availability of study chair in room and Availability
of study lamp in room.
Against this
backdrop, this study become necessary in order to beam a critical search light
on the mode of allocation of student hostels and the conditions of hostels
facilities in the Nigerian universities to ascertain if there is an impact
versa-vice academic performance.
Statement of
Problems
As a result
of expansion in student population, accommodations for university students in
Nigeria has become a huge problem for both students, parents and university
authorities as almost all the universities have failed to provide accommodation
facility for students. The very few accommodations that are being provided are
not well maintained and also below standard, thereby exposing students to
frustrated life on campus. Nigerian university students presently live under a
horrible condition on school campus. Their accommodation is known to be
terribly bad, insanity, congested and overcrowded thereby impeding their
capability of learning effectively. Some of the very few universities that
provide accommodation do not make enough provision. Rooms that are meant to
serve just two students now accommodate up to seven students. Yet such
arrangement can only provide for just 40 percent of the total students
population.
Despite
concerted efforts by government and university authorities, solution to student
hostel accommodation problems has remained a mirage. It is against this
backdrop that a critical search is beamed on this research which leads to the
objectives of the study.
Purpose/
Objectives of the Study
Given the
statement of problems above, the objectives of this study amongst others are:
1. To
ascertain if there are special preference to sex and age of students in the
allocation of hostels in the Nigerian federal universities.
2. To
ascertain if there are special preference to faculties and course of study in
the allocation of hostels in the Nigerian federal universities.
3. To obtain
student perceptions on living and study variables that affect the living and
study environments of student at the identified Universities
4. To
identify those variables from 3, which are significantly related to student
GPA.
5. To
ascertain whether or not there is any impact on student academic performance as
result of adequate and efficient student hostel accommodation.
Research
Question
The study
addressed the following questions.
1. Are
hostels in the Nigerian federal universities allocated based on sex and age of
the students?
2. Are there
any special preference in the allocation of hostels in the Nigerian federal
universities based on faculties, departments and course of study?
3. Do
students feel that the campus amenities such as room fittings (TV, Bed space,
dining room, Toilet, Bathroom, etc), Hospital/Clinic availability and library
which provides sufficient study materials, helps in reducing distractions and thereafter
enables students concentrate wholly on their studies?
4. Do
students feel that the campus residence is safe enough in terms of studying in
classes at night, safety in their rooms and the performance of the security
personnel?
5. Is there
any correlation between the living, study variables and student GPA?
6. What
factors are responsible for the preference of federal universities and the
attendant shortage of hostel accommodation in Nigeria’s federal universities?
Research Hypothesis
Hypothesis
One
H0: There is
no significant relationship between adequate hostel accommodation and improved
academic performance amongst students in Nigeria’s federal universities.
Hypothesis
Two
H0: There
are no significant relationship between sex, age, faculties, departments and/or
even course of study and allocation of hostels in Federal Universities.
Scope of the
Study
The scope of
this study is to establish the correlation between appropriate hostel
accommodation and improved academic performance. This study is however limited
to the evaluation of hostel facilities in only the four identified federal
universities in Nigeria. Only information obtained as regards the implication
of the modes used for allocation of hostels and the satisfactorily extent of
hostel facilities are considered.
Significance
of the Study
The study
which is aimed at ascertaining if there is any relationship between appropriate
hostel accommodation and improved performance in a student academic career will
no doubt be relevant to the student and their parent for decision making
purposes. Since shelter is one of human’s top necessities, everyone is in dire
need of one, especially if new in an environment. Hence, both parents and their
wards would consider the likelihood of getting accommodation within and around
the campus before making a choice of university to attend or send their wards
to as the case may be.
The study
will also be useful and relevant to the entire workforce of the school
authority for planning purposes. The Dean of student affairs, Senate and other
planning executive within the confines of the university environment would like
to know the percentage of total student accommodated, revenue stream that is
forgone due to inadequate provision of hostel accommodation and limiting
capacity due to inadequate facilities such as the hostel accommodation.
The Research
will also be relevant and useful to Government in the areas of policy
formulation and implementation as regards infrastructure development in federal
government universities.
The Research
will be relevant to upcoming researchers in this field and indeed to the
general public and the society at large as it will help upgrade the standard of
education.
Limitation
of the study
This study
was limited by some factors such as:
1. Time
constraints in covering all the federal universities in Nigeria as it will
involve more financial implication.
2. All
questionnaires might not be retrieved from the respondents.
Definition
of Terms
1. Housing –
Housing generally refers to the social problem of ensuring that members of
society have a home in which to live, whether this is a house, or some other
kind of dwelling, lodging, or shelter.
2. Social
Environment – The social environment is simply the culture the student is
educated or lives in, the people and institution which the student interact
with. With the black continent social status, there are usually class and
circle segregation issues.
3. Student
Hostel (SH) – Refers to the housing or accommodation provided by the school
authorities for student residential needs. It is usually within the school
premises (Campus). However, in some seldom cases, some hostels are sited off
camp, especially privately owned hostels.
4. Students’
Hostel Satisfaction (SHS) – Refers to the students’ residential satisfaction
with the hostel facilities in relation to their needs, requirements and
experiences. This has to do with whether or not the rooms are furnished with
mattresses and pillows, tables and chairs for studying, wardrobes,
air-conditioner or ceiling fans, shoes racks, railings where towels can be
hung, mirrors for dressing, waste bins, effective lighting system and adequate
electrical outlets. Others include study-bedrooms, washrooms (i.e., bathrooms
and laundry rooms), pantry, leisure rooms (i.e., study areas, computer centers,
television lounges, meeting rooms, and a prayer room for Muslims).
5. Student
Hostel Facilities(SHF) – Include the following Student residential amenities
such as: study-bedroom, washroom (toilet, bathroom and laundry), pantry
(kitchenette), common and recreation room, study room computer room, television
room meeting room, prayer room (musallla) lobby, support services vehicles
parking lot, cafeteria, mini market and mini bookshop, ATM machine and public
phone, CCTV surveillance system, security guards, lifts/stairs, electrical
wiring, water supply, garbage disposal and fire safety.
6. Academic
Performance – Refers to rating of a student, especially after taking an examination.
There are various academic status/standings in the university. They include
Distinction (1st Class) for performance rating between 4.5 – 5.0, Second Class
Upper (2.1) for performance between 3.5 – 4.49, Second Class Lower (2.2) for
2.5 – 3.49. Third Class for performance rating between 2.0 – 2.49 and pass for
performance rating between 1.0 – 1.99.
7.
University – The University is an institution of higher learning. In Nigeria,
there are Federal Universities (which are owned by the federal government),
State Universities (owned by federating states) and Private Universities (owned
by individuals or private bodies).
8.
Government – A government is the system by which a state or community is
controlled. Government in this context refers to the Federal Government of
Nigeria.
9.
University Authorities – According to Nigeria Education Act, on university
administration, the visitor which is usually the president tops the ivory tower
administrative ladder, followed by the minister of education. However, the
highest principal officer of the university is the chancellor, he presides at
convocation ceremonies and other awards giving function. On the mellow rung of
the ladder is the pro-chancellor, who chairs the university governing council –
the apex decision making body. The day to day academic affairs and other
activities of the university is the responsibility of the senate. The helmsman
of the senate is usually the vice-chancellor. He is the university chief
administrator. Next on the ladder rungs is the registrar.
10.
Population – Refers to the summation of all the organisms of the same group or
species, which live in a particular geographical area. However, population as
used in this study refers to the total number of students in the university.
11. Jambite
or ‘wanna be’ Student – Refers to the ‘would be’ students that have applied to
become students of the university.
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