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KNOWLEDGE
AND PRACTICE OF CONTRACEPTION AMONG MALE ADOLESCENT STUDENTS OF COLLEGE OF
EDUCATION
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION:
Contraceptives are drugs or device used to prevent a woman from being pregnant
and also used to protect men and women from sexually transmitted diseases. How
can this be driven home is truth to our adolescences, utilized to reduce our
teaming population and to reduce the diseases that are sexually transmitted.
The project was done in March – July 2010.
OBJECTIVE:
To assess the knowledge and improve the practice of this knowledge in our
teaming adolescent population bearing in mind that a good beginning will
eventually grow to a good end.
METHODOLOGY:
A descriptive cross-sectional study was done using quantitative and qualitative
methods of data collection. Though sample size was calculated for a finite
population, the total population of student respondents was used for the study.
Data collection was by use of a seria structured questionnaire and an
observational check list.
RESULTS: The
mean age of the student respondents was 25 + 5 years. All the respondents are
male adolescent students. The knowledge of contraception in this group was
86.1% as against those who had as knowledge of 13.9%; the practice of
contraceptive use has 77% while abstinence ws 6.6% and withdrawal 5.5%
respectively. The subject of study of the students did not influence the
knowledge and practice of contraception so also is their year of study. The
mass media and peer group were found to be their main sources of information
that contraceptives and their parents’ being alive or dead did not also
influence their practice.
CONCLUSION:
the students who had good knowledge of contraception affirmed that they will
continue to practice it. The cultural values of students did not influence
their practice of male contraception. The mass media a veritable means of
communication should be effectively used to cover both urban and rural areas in
order to stimulate more adolescent to the use of male contraception.
Parents,
teachers, health practitioners should do more to give adolescents such advice
to help in their proactive ability and the need to adequate control of
sexuality related activities.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The Oxford
Advanced Learners’ Dictionary of Current English defines “Contraceptives as a
drug, device of practice used to prevent a woman becoming pregnant.”1 This
definition though well embracing but does not include its utilization as a
preventive measure against the spread of sexually transmitted diseases; such as
AIDS/HIV. The act of contraception has been an old practice even from our
forefathers who designed the timing of mating with their wives or not depending
on whether they want to make babies. They have a mental picture of when the
monthly menstrual flow of their wives takes place or how long their wives have
to breast feed their babies to avoid unwanted pregnancies. Some traditional
women even go through the extra-mile of wearing contraceptive bands on their
waist to prevent unwanted pregnancies.
Each year,
women around the world experience 75 million unwanted pregnancies. Unwanted
pregnancy can occur for two main reasons; either the couple was not using
contraceptives, or the method they were using failed. There are many reasons
why people do not use contraceptives to prevent unwanted pregnancy, including
lack of access to family planning information and services; incest or rape;
personal or religious beliefs; inadequate knowledge about the risks of
pregnancy following unprotected sexual relations; and women’s limited
decision-making ability with regard to sexual relations and contraceptive use.2
Many women are deprived of family planning services.
The use of
contraceptives by both males and females has been accepted and widely practiced
in the developed world. This has not been the case in the developing world
where the male chauvinistic cultural belief that women should protect
themselves from unwanted pregnancies; instead of the men also making it
possible to use contraceptives. The act of child bearing is the combined effort
of both males and females, but in the developing world; it is seen as a primary
function of the female gender. This is the reason why the usage of
contraceptives among men in these areas has not been encouraged as the female
contraceptives. The patriarchal nature of the African society does not seem to
help or encourage male contraception rather it makes men to believe that they
do not have any role to play in reproductive health.
In the
developed world, the populace has overgrown the persistent myths and negative
attitude of men towards contraception. However, the fact that male
contraception in the underdeveloped countries has not been encouraged has led
to the paucity of information about it and also reduced the quest for knowledge
in this area. Studies show that men want access to better contraceptives. In a
recent study of British men, 80% placed a hypothetical male pill as one of
their top three contraceptive choices (Brooks, 1988)3. Another study found that
over 60% of men in Germany, Spain, Brazil and Mexico were willing to use a new
method of male contraception (Heinemaan, 2006).4 In another study on “why
Nigeria adolescent seek abortion rather than contraception: Evidence from focus
group discussions” where youths were asked about contraceptive availability,
perceived advantages of method used, side effects and young people’s reasons
for using or not using contraceptives? It was found that the fear of future
infertility was an overriding factor in adolescent decisions to rely on induced
abortion rather than contraception.5
Methods of
Contraception – are more in the female gender than the male.
Those of the
female include:
The Combined
Pill: These are oral contraceptives which are eniphasic and biphasic pills,
Everyday /Ed pills. They are 99% effective when properly taken. They contain
two hormones – estrogen and progistogen, and acts by preventing ovulation when
taken regularly.
Mini Pill:
Progestogen pill only. Its 98% effective when taken properly and regularly any
day at the same time. It causes changes in the womb which makes it difficult
for the sperm to enter the womb.
Injectable
Contraceptives: They include Depo-provera and Noristerat. Its effective to 99%
of cases. It also stops ovulation by acting in a similar way to the mini pill.
It provides protection for up to 3 months longer. It may cause irregularity in
her periods and break through bleeding.
Intra Uterine
Device: Its 96 – 99% effective. It’s a plastic device or with copper inserted
into the womb by the doctor and it prevents the ovum or egg from settling in
the womb.
Diaphragm or
Cap: Its 85-97% effective with careful use. It is a soft rubber device put into
the vagina before intercourse, to cover the cervix, and form a barrier which
prevents sperm from meeting the egg. It must be used with a spermicide and left
in place for six hours after intercourse.
Sponge: It
is 75 – 91% effective, with careful use. It’s a soft circular polyenthrane foam
sponge, put into the vagina up to 24 hours before intercourse, to cover the
cervix. It already contains a spermicide.
Female
Sterilization: It’s a permanent method of birth control in which the fallopian
tubes are closed so that the egg cannot travel down than to meet the sperm. Its
effective for life but has occasional failure rate of 1:300 where the tube
rejion and fertility returns.
Natural
Methods (‘Safe Period’ ‘Rhythm method’). Its 85 – 95% effective. It aims to
predict ovulation when the woman is most fertile intercourse is avoided at this
time. This symptom-thermal method requires daily recording of body temperature,
noting changes in vaginal nuclear and other signs of ovulation.
The male
contraceptive measures include:
a. Condom:
It is effective in 85 – 98% of cases with careful use. Its made up of a thin
rubber and worn on an erect penis. It prevents sperm from entering the woman.
It protects both partners against sexually transmitted diseases and also protects
the woman against cancer of the cervix.
b. Male
Sterilization (Vasectomy): It’s a permanent method which involves the cutting
or blocking of the tubes that carry sperm from the testes (vas deferens) to the
penis. It is a permanent method of contraception like the tubal ligation in
females. Another method of contraception needs to be used for about 3 months
after vasectomy so as to clear the whole sperm from the tube. Occasional
failure of this method occurs in 1:100 cases.
c.
Withdrawal Method: This method is usually not effective but its practiced by
some own. They withdraw the penis before ejaculation takes place during orgasm.
Its not effective because it does not take care of sperm which are passed into
the vagina before orgasm takes place.
Emergency
Contraception: This is method of preventing pregnancy after having unprotected
sexual intercourse or if you had a contraceptive accident or misuse (such as
condom breakage, failed coitus interruptus) and in case of rape. There are two
common methods which can be used in emergency contraception:
a. Emergency
contraceptive pills (ECPs)
b. Copper
intra-uterine device (IUDs).
These two
methods must be used within few days of unprotected sexual intercourse. They
are safe for most women. The ECPs contain the same hormones used in family
planning pills but are used differently. They either stop the release of the
egg or prevent fertilization of an egg. The IUDs immobilize sperms, slow down
sperm movement, prevent fertilization of the egg and cause changes in the
uterine lining which prevent pregnancy.
1.2 PROBLEM
STATEMENT
It is true
that sexual education in most of our homes are poor, with the belief that being
sexually educated will make the student to be promiscuous or to test what they
have learnt. But we all know that our society have overgrown such belief, and
they will always have coitus, whether they are educated or not. They will
always be influenced by their peer groups and those who are not yet exposed
will learn the act in a negative way. This being the case, the onus now rests
on adults to educate the teenage or early adult group on what the reproductive
organs stand for, the usage of contraceptives to reduce the incidence of
unwanted pregnancies or even infections in the reproductive system.
The need for
this study is to stimulate parents and school authorities to educate our
younger generations to be well equipped with the knowledge of family planning.
Failure of this taking place will lead to an increase in the number of unwanted
pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases and undue population rise in the
society.
1.3
JUSTIFICATION FOR THE STUDY
Over the
years, especially in Africa, the need for contraception and control of
population using female methods of the pill, injectables etc have been adapted.
Before now only the condom and withdrawal method has been used by men.
The
increasing need for male contraception cannot be over-emphasized as humans are
more aware of the fact that, there need to be a greater co-operation between
spouses for family and reproductive health to grow and blossom; with greater
understanding that everyone involved will contribute their quota to the success
of the family.
To this
extent therefore, there is the dire need for the study of this nature to
identify the contraceptive devices possibly of use now, the knowledge of their
use, how well adolescent comply with their use, in order to educate them so
that they could have a good beginning in their understanding of choosing when
to have children and when not to. This is done with the wisdom that a good
beginning when well nurtured will bring about a good end.
This study
will give us an overview of the perception or knowledge, the usage or practice
of contraception among these adolescent which will again enable us to educate
them on what good practice of family or reproductive health should be. This
will translate into a better moral upbringing of the society around us.
On-Going
Research: There are many ongoing research projects into different methods of
male contraception. Researchers are optimistic that a safe, effective method of
male contraceptive will eventually become a reality, although this is still
several years away.6
The two main
areas of research into male contraception include:
a. Hormonal
Contraception – where synthetic hormones are used to temporarily stop the
development of healthy sperm.
b.
Non-Hormonal Methods – where other techniques are used to stop healthy sperm
from entering a women’s vagina.
1.4 GENERAL
OBJECTIVE
The
objective of this study was to determine the level of awareness of male on
contraceptive measures with a view to improving this knowledge and increasing
their compliance to the usage. This will help us in educating them on how to
prevent early pregnancies and its negative effects and or infections to their
young reproductive organs which may lead to secondary infertility in later
life.
1.5 SPECIFIC
OBJECTIVE
1. To assess
the knowledge of male students of Federal College of Education Technical Asaba
on male contraception.
2. To
determine the practice of male contraception among the students.
3. To assess
the factors that influence the use of these contraceptives in this age group of
students.
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