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EFFECTS
OF SOIL EROSION IN EMERGING URBAN CENTRE OF AFUZE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Soil erosion is a problem that needs to be
controlled in order to forestall its danger in any locally, soil is
fundamental to all land use and care has
to be taken to ensure that it is not misused
or destroyed. Most of this soil erosion is caused by the interference of
man through human activities and ignorance. Mismanagement in soil use greatly
accelerates this erosion process. Soil is one of our most precious resources,
the loss of this resources through land degradation process in an urban areas
such as soil erosion, is one of the most serious environmental problems we are
faced with as a gradual process that occurs when the actions of water wind, and
other factors eat away and wear down the land causing the soil to deteriorate
or disappear completely. Soil erosion/deterioration and low quality of water
due to erosion and run off has often become a major problem around the world.
Soil erosion is one form of soil degradation along with soil compaction, low
organic matter, loss of soil structure, poor internal drainage, Salinization,
and soil acidity problems. These other forms of soil degradation, serious in
themselves, usually contribute to accelerated soil erosion, therefore humans
obviously need to be much more knowledgeable about this problem. Much has been
written in academic papers about erosion. Apart from the writings of the
academic works, a lot of things have been said concerning erosion problem all
over the world, to the extent that erosion is almost becoming a household word.
The paper, medium, Internet and in literature books, has written much about
erosion, its cause and effect in Nigeria and rest of the world. Erosion attacks
human endeavors in various sectors. Its ugly effects can be seen both in rural
and urban sectors of not only Nigeria but countries all over the world. In the
urban sector, the danger of erosion manifest itself in the form of destruction
of peoples property (washed out houses) and the destruction of road and
streets. Deep gullies often cut off the urban streets thereby denying the
residents from motorized access to their houses. The rural area is not spared
from the destruction as most of their crops are often washed away. Some of the
rural settlements have no motorable roads since their roads have been destroyed
by erosion. Erosion also removes top soil which contains the plant nutrient
thereby leaving the soil impoverished and unproductive. Besides making
agricultural soil unproductive, erosion of agricultural land and runoff result
in the deposition of soil particles in unwanted area’s (sedimentation of roads,
creeks, e.t.c) with all its negative consequence for traffic Furthermore, the importance of soil
erosion control is not restricted to the maintenance of the productive
potential and fertility of soil for future generation. It is also an effective
means to ensure employment in urban and rural areas and reduce urban and rural
exodus. Efficient erosion control is therefore very advantageous from the
ecological and social perspectives, besides being highly significant from an
economic point of view. Therefore the study of such a phenomenon as harmful as
this deserves attention. Any expansion on its study is not a waste of time.
1.2
STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
It is surprisingly that erosion continues to
be a serious environments hazard in urban center of Afuze, after much has been
invested on its control both by the government and non- government
organization. The local government had at defferent time executed erosion
control and flood channelization project in Afuze. The fact that erosion continues to be threat
to life and property after enormous investment on its control seems to suggest
that something is wrong some where. Probably what was done was not adequate or
what was done was done in the wrong way? This should leave every reasoning mind
in doubt as to the efficacy of what was done, it is this doubts created by the
re-occurrence of this erosion problem despite the various efforts to check it
that informed the choice of this topic. Therefore for the purpose of this
project, a lot of questions will be ask in respect of the state of erosion
control in Afuze, these questions includes,
A.
What has been done so far by way of controlling erosion in Afuze?
B.
Are what has been done so far adequate?
C.
Are there certain things, which should be done that were left undone?
D.
Were things done in the wrong way?
E.
What is left to be done? Based on the above, this research project intends
to fill this gap that is lacking in knowledge as far as soil erosion in Afuze
is concerned. And as far as the author is concerned, no researcher has ever
researched on this topic in afuze.
1.3
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of this study is to access the
adequacy and effects of soil erosion
control measure in Afuze this objectives
shall be achieved through the following
1.
To determine the type of soil erosion in the study area
2.
To identify the nature and characteristics of soil in the study area.
3.
To examine the factor responsible for soil erosion in the study area.
4.
To determine the effects of soil erosion in the study area.
5.
To identify the adequacy of the various measures that has been taken to
control soil erosion
6.
To make recommendation
1.4 HYPOTHESIS
In this research study the hypothesis bellow
shall be tested.
A)
The cost of controlling soil erosion in Afuze is not effective and it
has a significant effect on the control of soil erosion, the people and
environment
B)
The cost of controlling soil erosion in Afuze is effective and as such,
can check soil erosion in the area
1.5
RESEARCH METHODS
Research methods in geography and regional
planning involves all the process of field investigation, data collection,
processing and analysis of data, classification and interpretation as well as
test of significance which are designed to establish the critical level of
association among diverse geographic variables. In research of this nature,
data collection, analysis and discussion are made easier when based on a
defined spatial closure Threkson et- al (1970)
1.5.1 DATA REQUIRED AND THEIR SOURCES
Data required for this study would be derived
from two main sources. Documentation and field sources. Documentation sources includes
published and unpublished materials, such as books, reports, articles, the
internet and maps Field sources which are the primary
sources include direct measurement, and indirect interviews.
1.5.2 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
Questionnaires will be well structured and
administered in order to obtain information that is relevant for the proper
unfoldment of the research objectives. The sample size of 125 questionnaires
will be used in this research. This will be drawn from the population of study
i.e Afuze. The 125 respondents would be chosen from 5 Major Street to represent
the total population of the area of study, this sample size was chosen to
reduce time and cost as the researcher will not be able to come in contact with
every body in the area.
1.5.3 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
For the analysis of data, statistical methods
will be applied. In order to investigate whether the various measures adopted
to control soil erosion have been effective or not, simple percentage and the
contingency of chi-square statistics will be used. This was necessary to
analyze the level of effectiveness of control and effects as perceived by the
residents of Afuze town, variable will be cross-tabulated so as to see weather
there is relationship between them because the survey will be conducted at
different streets in the study area.
1.6
THE STUDY AREA
Afuze is the local government head quarters
of Owan East local government area. Owan East is one of the eighteen local
government areas in Edo-State. Afuze town has a distance of one hundred and
three (103) Km from Benin City. Owan East local government area came into existence
in 1991 when Owan West was created. Owan East local government shares
boundaries with neighboring local government as follows to the East Owan west
local government area and to the north is Akoko Edo local government area; the
south is Esan west local government area of Edo state. It is geographically
demarcated by latitude 7-15 north and 60- 50 north and contiguities 500- 50
east and 60- 15 east of the Greenwich meridian. Afuze is the word one (1) in
the geo-political zone or sample words in Owan East local government area.
1.6.1 CLIMATE
Afuze (Owan East) experience the
characteristics of humid tropical climate of high rainfall intensity and
seasonal high temperature. Rainfall starts form April and ends in October in
most cases. Over the entire basin, means
annual rainfall value are put as 1.556 min with the mouth of July and September
having the highest rainfall while the mouths of January and December records
the lowest rainfall in the year. The type of rain that is prevalent in this
study area is conventional rainfall and is unevenly spread throughout the days
of the week and seasons.
1.6.2 VEGETATION
The vegetation of the study area is a
reflection of the rain forest with a predominate moist deciduous forest
relation vegetation rich in timber resources such as Iroko. Obeche Apha,
mahogany, Acacia and walnut. The tallest trees are 36 meters high but there are
two other distinct canopies of trees bellow 15 meters a part from the tropical
hard wood. Food crops found in the area
includes oil palm, yam, cassava, coco yam, plantain, rice maize, beans e.t.c
1.6.3
RELIEF
Afuze (Owan – East) is situated on a plateau
underline by the fine-grained sand and carbonaceous shelen clay Akinbode
(1993). The plateau can be divided into two structural components, namely the
flat terrain and the dissected slope, which mount the side of the plateau. The
relatively flat terrain has a slop of 1038 meters over most of which the
elevation varies between 350 and 460 mater above datum with the highest point- place
like Igue, Ake, Ikhin and Otuo northern part of the area. The flat terrain interlay has contributed to
the settlement of people in the plateaus. Part of the settlement extends to the
valley. According to Imoroa. These northern parts of Edo state consist of
Precambrian rocks.
1.6.4
SOIL
The soil found in this area according to
Imoroa (1993) is classified as ferrasoils and brown lat-soil they are soil rich
in ferrous and aluminous. They are deep
and strong weathered soil derived from sand sediment and they have a brownish
and reddish colour. This soil is sensitive to erosion. They are mainly used for
crop production especially cocoa, cassava, rice and maize, finally the soils
are well drained in most parts of the cassava producing areas.
1.7
COMMUNICATION/TRANSPORTATION
Communication refers to all means of
communicating between people and places, Olomo (1997). Common means of
communication in the study area includes post office, mobile phones, roads (for
transportation)with the exception of the following, waterways, airways and
other means of communication. Transportation by road is very important in Afuze
town. Transportation has been viewed as fundamental for day to day activities,
for without transport, neither will there be access to socio- economic
activities in the area. Lord Lugard wrote that the natural development of
African may be summed up in one word transport”
1.8
SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
According to Olomo (1997) three settlement
patterns exist and these are nucleated, linear and dispersed settlement. In
Afuze town, the settlement pattern noticed is linear pattern, where most of the
settlements are located along the road side.
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