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ASSESSMENT OF WEIGHT GAIN BETWEEN INDIGENOUS AND EXOTIC BREED OF
BROILER
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Poultry
farming involves, domesticating birds such as chickens, turkeys, ducks and
geese. They are raised primarily for meat production. Chickens raised for eggs
are referred to as laying hens while chicken raised for meat are referred to as
broilers.
Exotic
chickens are raised in specialized caging systems, they are fed with
specialized formulated feeds which are rich in essential minerals, their growth
are controlled and the meat production are monitored using feed formulation and
vaccines. These exotic breeds are never allowed to range freely or scavenge for
food. Turkey on the other hand is a large poultry bird that originated from the
temperate parts of the world which is now a popular form of poultry in parts of
the world. Its meat is a major sources of protein and its feathers are used
extensively for decorative purposes (UF Researchers, 2012).
Indigenous
birds on the other hand are set free on free range whereby chickens are allowed
to move freely during the day and spend the right in the main house. Overnight
housing, perching on trees or on roots and overnight housing within the main
house are the common patterns of housing prevailing in the indigenous areas.
Lack of housing is one of the major constraints of the indigenous poultry
production systems. In Akwa Ibom State, a large proportion of indigenous
poultry mortality accounted due to nocturnal predators because of lack of
proper housing (Dwinger et al., 2003). Some research works also indicated that
the mortality of scavenging birds reduced by improving housing. For instance,
in Gambia livestock improvement program, which include improved poultry
mortality (19%) relative to that observed in Ethiopia (66%) and Tanzania (33%)
where no housing improvement were made (Kitalyi, 1998).
Origin of
Fowls
According to
Oluyemi et al (1985) confirmed that the genetic difference exist in the
domestic fowl partly because the fowl probably originated from different wild
ancestors.
Based on the
above differences, two theories were proposed namely monophyletic theory and
the polyphyletic theory. According to monophyletic theory, the domestic fowl
originated from Gallus with one ancestor. But the polyphyletic theory states
that domestic fowl has more than one ancestors. To the monophyletic, domestic
fowl is known as Gallus while the polyphyletic theory knows domestic fowl to be
Gall domesticus. The polyphyletic theories attributes to the origin of the
domestic fowl to different wild species.
The species
suggested are:
Gallus gallus (Red jungle fowl)
Gallus Lafayette (Ceylon jungle fowl)
Gallus sonnerati (grey jungle fowl)
Gallus varius (java jungle fowl).
Through years
of domestication, this fowl has undergone different development in different
areas of the world. Many highly developed breeds have evolved. The degree of
development in different parts of the world has depended on the advancement of
the area.
Importance of
Poultry Meat
Meat product constitute about 90-95% income
for the farmers, the by-products from the poultry to industries are extremely
important part of the export market of livestock products.
Meat from poultry are used as a medium of
exchange for the Nigeria economy.
Poultry meat increases nutritive value in
food when the meat are consumed and improves vitamins, mineral and protein
content in the diet.
Meat provides gainful employment to
citizenry.
Poultry meat help the Nigerian youths in
acquiring psychomotive and affective skills of poultry management and preparation
of poultry meat.
Poultry meat is rich in the Omega-3 fats.
Poultry meat is an important provider of the essential polyunsaturated fatty
acid (PUFAS) especially the Omega(n) 3 fatty acids.
Poultry meat can be enriched with several
of the important dietary nutrients: unlike most other meats, chicken meat can
also easily be enriched with several other important nutrients by adding Mg of
selenium.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The acute
shortage of protein in the daily diet in meals are on the high increase thus,
resulting in several nutritional problems. These problems includes diseases
from meat transferred to consumers, high mortality rate among young adults,
deficiency in the right supply of nutrient and many more.
This has
formed the basis on the need to upgrade meat quality through the observation of
principles in the management of poultry meat. This principles are as
follows timely feeding regime, of
poultry birds, sanitization of the meat environment, proper checking of
infected birds of poultry for vaccination, harvesting of the mature birds to
avoid cannibalism and debeaking the beaks to discourage feather picking,
deworming the birds to disinfects birds against invasion of worms these and
many more would reduce problems associated with malnutrition of poultry birds
to increase and encourage weight gain by indigenous and exotic birds of
poultry.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The broad aim
of the study was to assessed the weight gain of the indigenous and exotic
breeds of poultry birds and obtained their differences. They includes the
following.
Compare the difference in the weight gain
of indigenous and exotic breeds of poultry based on body weight.
Compare the difference in the weight gain
of indigenous and exotic breeds of poultry based on feed consumed.
Compare the difference in weight gain of
indigenous and exotic breeds of poultry based on source of feeds.
1.4 Research Questions
Is there any difference in the weight gain
of indigenous and exotic breeds of poultry based on body weight?
Is there any difference in the weight gain
of indigenous and exotic breeds of poultry based on feed consumed?
Is there any difference in the weight gain
of indigenous and exotic breeds of poultry based on source of feeds?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
on body weight
There is no significant difference in the
weight gain of indigenous and exotic breeds of poultry based on feed consumed.
There
is no significant difference in the weight gain of indigenous and exotic breeds
of poultry based on source of feeds.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The aim of
this study is to assess the weight gain by indigenous and exotic breeds of
poultry broiler and to determine the differences that exist between the two
specie of broilers. The farmers will benefit because, it would them up on the
techniques and skills of raising birds with the recent innovations.
It is also
aim at educating students in the secondary schools on the various species of
poultry birds and their types of poultry and their weight gain. The research
would expose government on the need to establish government owned poultry
houses in order to increase the quantities of poultry breeds to the populace
who are the end users of poultry products. It would expose poultry dealers on
the importance to maintained optimum hygiene during and after the preparation
of various species of poultry breed and their weight in order to reduce
consuming birds which has loss weight as a result sickness and diseases which
may have been transferred from an infected poultry birds.
The research
would assists farmers on the need to enlarge their poultry houses in order to
create employment to the teeming youths to reduce poverty and crime in our
localities.
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Consumers of
poultry meat would be educated on the various types of poultry breeds (that is
the indigenous and the exotic breeds of poultry) and to make decision on the
one to go for.
It also help
veterinary doctors on the new outbreak of poultry diseases and the new methods
of treating them to prevent the spread of such diseases.
1.7 Delimitation of the Study
The study of
this research topic is delimited to Akpan Andem market in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State,
and the University poultry farm, University of Uyo, Uyo. The breeds of the
poultry meat are of the indigenous and the exotic poultry birds.
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