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ROLE OF
CHILD LABOUR IMPLICATIONS FOR UNIVERSAL BASIC EDUCATION IN JUNIOR SECONDARY
SCHOOLS
ABSTRACT
This study
investigated the determinants of child laabour and its implications on the
progress of UBE programme, with particular reference to Abakaliki urban, Ebonyi
State. The study was a mere survey guided by three research questions. A sample
of fifty (50) respondents were involved in the study. The sample was drawn from
the population. A questionnaire designed by the researcher was used to collect
data.
The data
collected were analyzed and calculated based on the assigned weight or value of
the 4- point Likert scale or mode of response. Then the calculated weighted
(standard) mean response and cut- off point of 2.5 was used to determine the
significant status of each item/statement in the three research question. The
results of each of the research question were listed in the research summary of
findings. Based on the results of the study, conclusions were drawn and
recommendations to solve the problem of child labour in Abakaliki urban were
made, while limitations of the study were highlighted and related topics for
further study were listed.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
Child labour
is a major challenge for the attainment of the goals of Universal Basic
Education Programme in Nigeria Child labour is defined as, the participation of
young children under the age of 15 years in the labour force, with the aim to
earn a living or to support household income (Grootaert and Kanbur, 1995).
In most
developing countries, I in every 5 children work; and I in every 3 children
work in Africa (Nigeria inclusive), though there are rates across these regions
(World Bank, 2007).Child labour is widespread and has been on the increasing in
Nigeria, where 45 percent of the total population, of over 140 million people,
has been fopund to be children under the age of 15 years (PRB, 2009)
(population Reference Bureau, 2009). A huge 15 million children, under the age
of 15 years, are engaged in one form of labour or another in Nigeria. A
majority of these children are exposed to long hours of work in very dangerous
and unhealthy environments children in Nigeria are employed in public places
and markets as street vendors (64%) beggars and shoe shiners (4%), car
washers/watchers (6%), scavengers (5%), and feet washer (8%). In northern
Nigeria, children who survive on the street by begging are referred to as
almajirai. The rise in the rate of child labour in the country might have been
a consequence of the demand for cheap labour and poverty (UNICEF, 2006), although,
children have always worked in Nigeria.The philosophy of most cultures in
Nigeria, have encouraged children to work with their families, in order to
learn skills they would need in adulthood. However, children today are forced
to work as a survival strategy for themselves and their family. The money
earned by child labourers has formed a significant part of poor families’
income.The issue of child labour has attracted increasing attention in the part
decade from policy makers, advocates and researchers. Child labour is a
persistent problem found throughout most of the developing world, and to a
lesser extent in developed countries. The availability of detailed and reliable
child labour statistics and their analysis on a continuing basis are particularly
important for establishing policy priorities and targets formulating and
implementing interventions and monitoring policies, regulations and programs
aimed not only at the minimization of the negative consequences of child labour
in the short term, but most importantly at the eventual elimination of the
practice.Child labour and low school attendance is a pervasive problem
throughout the world, especially in developing countries. Africa and Asia
together account for over 90% of total child employment. This is especially
prevalent in rural areas where the capacity to enforce minimum age requirement
for schooling and work is lacking. Schooling problems also contribute to child
labour whether it is the inaccessibility of schools or the lack of quality
education which spurs parents to enter their children more profitable pursuits.
Traditional factors such as rigid cultural and social, roles in certain
countries further limit educational attainment and increase child labour. The
gender roles that a society assigns to its children will have a determining
effect on their future. Their access to food and education, their labour force
participation, their status in relationships and their physical and
psychological health.Child labour acts as a major hurdle for ensuring free,
quality education for all children over 246 million girls and boys around the
world are working instead of attending school and enjoying their childhood of
which Nigeria account for about 6.1% (15m).Child labour are predominantly dound
in the informal sector of Nigeria with family characteristics as a very
important determining factor of children’s educational attainment and labour in
Nigeria (Obayelu and Okoruwa, 2009).The future implication of the exploitation
of child labour will not only damage the children concerned but also inhibits
the emergence of a skilled workforce, that will force Nigeria into a cycle of
impoverishment. It will lead to high child mortality rate as a result of
working for young, for too many hours and in hazardous conditions. By the time
such children reach adulthood, they are often damaged. Physically, emotionally,
morally and intellectually and would have lost the opportunity for an education
that would open up a better futures and the amount of schooling in children today
determines the wage they command as adult tomorrow.The federal government of
Nigeria has developed a number of education policies and programmes, such as
Universal Primary Education Basic Education (UBE) in order to nip in the bud
this multi-faceted problem of child labour, problem of school dropouts, the
dwindling enrollment in primary and secondary schooling, and educational
deterioration generally in Nigeria.There is therefore an urgent need to pay
more attention to the early years of children’s lies against this background,
this paper sought to examine critically child labour and its impact on UBE
programmes in Abakaliki urban, Ebonyi State of Nigeria, a peculiar area with
farming as key occupation and dominated by illiterate, peasant farmers and polygamy
with too many number of children, still a celebrated norm.
STATEMENT OF
PROBLEM
The number
of children of school age engaged in commercial activities ranging from begging
to hawking around the major parks, markets and public places at Abakaliki,
Ebonyi State, raises more questions than answers to any right thinking
person.More, so, these school aged children mostly from Abakaliki, Ebonyi
State, seem to have spread and dominated scene also at the major markets,
parts, and public places at virtually all the cities in the South East-Onitsha,
Enugu, Aba, Awka, Owerri.The question now are:
i. What factors are responsible for
this high level of child labour in Abakaliki urban, Ebonyi State?
ii. What is the impact of this high level
of child labour on the progress of UBE programme in schools in Abakaliki urban,
Ebonyi State. These and more necessitate the research work/investigation
THE PURPOSE
OF THE STUDY
The purpose
of this research work is therefore to find out and bring to light the following;
i. The economic factors responsible
for high level of child labour in Abakaliki urban, Ebonyi State.
ii. The educational factors that promote
child labour in Abakaliki urban Ebonyi State
iii. The social factors that encourage child
labour in Abakaliki urban, Ebonyi State.
RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
The
following research questions were developed to guide this study
1. What are the economic factors responsible for
high level of child labour in Abakaliki urban, Ebonyi State?
2. What are the educational factors that promote
child labour in Abakaliki urban Ebonyi State?
3. What are the social factors responsible for high
level of child labour in the area?
SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
The
researcher has the belief that of the findings, recommendations and conclusions
in this study are diligently executed, objectively considered and implemented
by all stakeholders and the general public, a new awareness will be experienced
in Abakaliki urban, Ebonyi State and beyond on the evil consequences of child
labour.
Secondly, to
the policy makers, the study has policy implications for child labour
regulations and poverty alleviation in Ebonyi State in particular where many
children from poor households contribute to the economic sustenance of the
family.It will also highlight the progress and limitations of the UBE programme
so far in Ebonyi State with the aim of proffering more lasting solutions.To the
implementers, the teachers, it will ensure smoother work process and greater
productivity since efforts wasted at re-teaching unstable student population
will be channeled into more useful learning.
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