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AWARENESS OF THE HEALTH IMPLICATION OF CHILD ABUSE
Abstract
Child abuse
has become a global problem that needs to be tackled if children are to be
given the right to education and freedom. The issue of child abuse has been
given serious attention in many parts of the world and Nigeria is not left out.
Given this serious effort, one would have thought that this menace will not
persist. However a look at the society shows that child abuse occurs not only
at home but has found its way into the school system thus constituting a
barrier to the attainment of sound educational development in the country. This
study examines parent awareness of the health implication of child abuse.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Survivors of
childhood abuse often suffer from health problems long after the abuse has
ended. Abuse survivors are sick more often and go to the doctor more (Felitti,
1991). They report more symptoms and are less likely to describe their health
as good. They have surgery more often—in one study, almost twice as much
(Kendall-Tackett, Marshall, & Ness, 2000). Adult survivors are at increased
risk of having one or more chronic pain syndromes (Drossman et al.,1990;
Kendall-Tackett, 2000; Schofferman, Anderson, Hinds, Smith, & White, 1992).
And in the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study, Felitti and colleagues
(Felitti et al., 2001) found that subjects who experienced four or more types
of adverse childhood events were at increased risk of a wide range of conditions
including ischemic heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic bronchitis,
emphysema, diabetes, skeletal fractures, and hepatitis. The childhood events
that they studied included psychological abuse, physical abuse, contact sexual
abuse, exposure to substance abuse, parental mental illness, exposure to
violent treatment of the mother or stepmother, and exposure to criminal
behavior. Over the past decade, researchers have documented the higher
frequency of these health problems among adult survivors. The next step for
researchers is to understand why this happens. In this study, a model with four
possible pathways by which victimization might influence health is described.
By looking at the long-term effects of childhood abuse in a new way, clinicians
and researchers can begin to understand the mechanisms by which health problems
occur. The four types of pathways described are behavioral, social, cognitive
and emotional. Adult survivors can be influenced by any or all of these and the
four types influence each other. Indeed, they form a complex matrix of
interrelationships, all of which influence health A child is a person that has
not attained the age of 18. For centuries, the Nigerian child has been seen as
“an instrument or property with no absolute privilege of its own”. In the
traditional African society the belief was that children should merely be seen
and not heard. Children were not allowed to listen to adults’
discussions/conversation let alone make contributions. This situation was
prevalent not only in the society but found its way into the educational
system. Consequently, teachers only allowed children to make contributions when
they deemed necessary. Recently, there has been serious concern about the child
with the realization that children play important part in the family and the
society. It is generally agreed that children are the future generation, the
leaders of tomorrow and the potential flag bearers of any nation. To carry out
these duties, the child therefore has certain rights that must be protected and
not be trampled upon or denied. recognition of the socio-cultural and
educational dimension of the child, the United Nations, European Union, African
Union, UNICEF and ANPPCAN have all joined efforts in advocating for protection
of the right and well-being of children. Among other provisions, UNICEF and the
National Policy on Children grant children the following rights: Protection against indecent and in human
treatment like abuse and neglect
Provision of a conducive environment to promote early stimulation to
learning for the child Entitlement of
every child (male/female) to receive compulsory basic education and equal
opportunity for higher education Promotion
and encouragement of child-friendly principles in all relevant institutions.
The above provisions recognize the importance of education for the optimum
development of the child thus advocating for compulsory basic education and the
provision of conducive learning environment. Education is therefore recognized
as one avenue through which the child can develop properly. Many developing
nations place a high premium on the education of their citizen because
education is viewed as an instrument for cultural, social, political, economic
and technological development and emancipation In Nigeria, for instance,
education is viewed as a means of building a free democratic, just and
equalitarian society; a united strong and self-reliant nation; a land of bright
and full opportunities for all citizens (Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2004). Thus,
Nigeria and his people need a change and growth in education so as to be in
line with the developed nations. During the past 30 years, the focus on the
extent and nature of child abuse and neglect has been coupled with an
increasing interest in the impact on children’s development, health and mental
wellbeing. Child maltreatment is both a human rights violation and a complex
public health issue, likely caused by a myriad of factors that involve the
individual, the family, and the community. Child abuse includes any type of
maltreatment or harm inflicted upon children and young people in interactions
between adults (or older adolescents). Such maltreatment is likely to cause
enduring harm to the child. The different forms of abuse and neglect often occur
together in one family and can affect one or more children. These include, in
deceasing level of frequency: neglect; physical abuse and non-accidental
injury; emotional abuse; and sexual abuse (Cawson et al, 2000; 2002). Recently,
bullying and domestic violence have been included as forms of abuse of
children.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The issue of
child abuse has been recognized as a major global social problem prevalent
within and outside the homes and among all socio-economic groups of both the
developed and the developing nations of whole world. Parents now push over the
responsibility of caring for their children to the school. Many young children
who would have been at home at about two years have been pushed over to the
school. The tasks thus become enormous for the teachers and the school
management to carry leading to many children being neglected, despised and
abused on a daily basis. This clearly undermines the provision for the right of
the child on ‘protection against indecent and inhuman treatment like abuse and
neglect’ earlier stated. It is on this premise that the researcher intend to
investigate parent awareness of the health implication of child abuse.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main
objective of the study is to investigate parent awareness of the health
implication of child abuse; but to aid the completion of the study, the
researcher intends to achieve the following specific objectives;
i) To ascertain the effect of child
abuse on the academic performance of the child
ii) To investigate the role of parent in
curbing abuse by teachers and caregivers
iii) To investigate the health implication
of child abuse
iv) To investigate the relationship
between parent awareness of child abuse and the health implication of child
abuse
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
To aid the
successful completion of the study, the following research hypotheses were
formulated by the researcher
H0: child
abuse has no significant effect on the academic performance of the child
H1: child
abuse has a significant effect on the academic performance of the child
H02: child
abuse has no health implication on the child
H2: child
abuse has health implication on the child
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is
believed that at the completion of the studies, the findings will be of great
importance to the parent of this children as the of the study seek to explore
the disadvantages of child abuse. The study will also be of importance to the
management of primary schools in the education zone as the study seek to
examine the effect of neglect and abuse on the pupil academic performance, the
study will also be of great importance to researcher, academia, students and
the general public as the study will add to the pool of existing literature,
the study will also be of importance to researchers who intends to embark on
study on a similar topic on the subject matter.
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of
the study covers parent awareness of the health implication of child abuse, but
in the cause of the study, there were some factors which limited the scope of
the study;
a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The
research material available to the
researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study.
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the
study does not enhance wider
coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) FINANCE: The finance available for the
research work does not allow for
wider coverage as resources are very limited as the researcher has other academic bills to
cover.
1.7
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
Child abuse
Child abuse
or child maltreatment is physical, sexual, or psychological maltreatment or
neglect of a child or children, especially by a parent or other caregiver
Health
Health is
the ability of a biological system to acquire, convert, allocate, distribute,
and utilize the energy with maximum efficiency
Parent
awareness
Parent
Awareness is a family-focused program that provides support and education to
parents and children to encourage the healthy, positive development of youth and
families
1.8
ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This
research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows
Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview,
of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research
question, significance or the study, research methodology, definition of terms
and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlight the theoretical
framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature.
Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the
study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and
presentation of finding. Chapter five
gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.
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