THE PERCEIVED EFFECT OF MOTIVATIONAL TOOLS ON STUDENT-ATHLETES PERFORMANCE IN SOME SELECTED TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS
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THE
PERCEIVED EFFECT OF MOTIVATIONAL TOOLS ON STUDENT-ATHLETES PERFORMANCE IN SOME
SELECTED TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS
ABSTRACT
The purpose
of the study was to examine the perceived effect of motivational tools on
student-athletes performance in some selected tertiary institutions in Lagos
state.
A total of
one hundred and twenty respondents were selected from two tertiary institutions
in Lagos state using a stratified random sampling technique to select sixty
student-athletes from Lagos state university and university of Lagos.
The study adopted a descriptive research
design and the instrument used for data collection was a self-structured
questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed using simple percentage and
chi-square (x2) 0.05 level of significance.
Two
hypotheses were stated and both were rejected. The findings revealed the
following:
i. Financial incentives have
significant effect on student-athletes performance in Lagos state tertiary
institutions.
ii. Non-financial incentives have
significant effect on student-athletes performance in Lagos state tertiary
institutions.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Sport is a
formalized phase of play and games. It is an organized, competitive,
entertaining, and skillful activity requiring commitment, strategy and fair
play, in which a winner or loser can be defined by objective means (Harper,
2008).
Sport is an
incredibly important contributor to human nature in our society. It has
developed to become a powerful political and social tool used for the
advancement of societies around the world. Sport at any level will replace the
necessary competitive edge in an individual and kindle the fire of dedication
and hard work.
Sport in
educational institutions is one of the oldest traditions in higher education.
To this day, most institutions of higher education have intercollegiate sport
programmes which means that a large number of students–athletes exist on
campuses (Michael and Nancy, 2004).
Many
developing countries in which Nigeria is one, have been relatively successful
in international sports. Nigeria’s success is notable in various international
sports and this makes it imperative for the country to start thinking about how
to improve and sustain the performance of her athletes for continued success
right from the tertiary institutions.
Biddel
(2004) suggests that, athletes who are well motivated are more likely to continue
participating than those who are not well motivated. He further stressed that,
a highly motivated athlete would be more eager to give a better performance
than a lowly motivated one with same skills.
If an
athlete is not in a positive psychological state, mistakes will be made in the
performance and he/she will not perform at the best level (Woods, 2007).
The impacts
of tertiary institutions sport in Nigeria has come under increasing focus in
recent years especially when comparison is made between them and those in
United States of America, England, Australia, China etc where it is believed
that such institutions make constant research into sports performance of world
standard.
However, the
not too impressive level and poor performance of student-athletes in Lagos
State tertiary institutions are boiled down to the type of motivational tools
been used and its effect on their performance, particularly when valued by the
recipients.
These tools
influence motivation in student–athletes and increases participation, interest,
development, skill acquisition and quality of performance.
These tools
can be regarded as rewards or incentives (financial or non-financial).
Financial incentives includes bonus, cash donations from sponsors, monetary
allowance for athletes in training camp etc. Non-financial incentives include
scholarship, insurance policy, material gifts, medals, awards, verbal or
non-verbal encouragements (praises, smile), trophy tours, public recognition,
media recognition etc.
It is
appropriate for youth competitive sport to include rewards or incentives just
as they are included in higher level of competition. It is essential for
administrators and coaches to provide athletes with support / reward for their
self-referenced achievement.
These tools
mentioned above seems to be important to both learning and performance of
skills because it relates to the amount of encouragement and remuneration
received for taking part in sporting activities (Lawler, 1992).
In April
2002, Delta State Government reward its coaches and athletes for coming second
in final medals table of the 13th National Sports Festival in Edo State and
made some promises ahead of the 14th National Sport festival in Abuja. This
appreciation in anticipation motivated the athletes and they eventually came
first in Abuja 2004, final medals table (Vanguard, 2004).
Mshelia
(1990) opines that talented student–athletes in West African universities
require incentives like money, scholarship, insurance policy, media
recognition, material gifts and presents to keep them active in sports.
Eniola
(1998) attributed that student-athletes should be provided with financial
incentives for participating in one sports or the other because it goes a long
way in motivating the athletes. The athlete may see it as a means of settling
other monetary responsibilities.
Athletes
feel secured and safe when they are covered with a life assurance or accident
relief insurance policy. Since it has been said that whoever participate in
sport is already taking a risk of being injured or death (such as the case of
Samuel Okwaraji of Nigeria, Marc Vivien Foe of Cameroon and Dani Jarque of
Spain), provision of insurance policies for athletes is of paramount
importance.
Athletes are
well motivated to participate in competitions when they are rest assured that
if they sustain any injury they will be taken care of. Also, with the provision
of insurance policies, athletes have the instinct that their future is bright
and in the case of any accident in the course of participation, they will not
be neglected by the authorities or organizers in charge. Tartary institutions
should acquire group accident insurance for their athletes because the
intensity of competitive sports is very high, thus higher risk is being taken.
According to
Onifade and Fasan (1991), athletes provided with gifts and presents as rewards
for a certain performance will strive hard to perform better in subsequent
competitions. Gifts and presents given to athletes for qualitative performance
motivate other upcoming athletes to emulate or even supersede them. In 2003,
Enyimba international Football club of Aba, Nigeria, won the CAF Champions
league, and the players and coaches were given a car each. This motivated the players
and coaches’ even better that they won the competition in the following year.
Other gifts and presents used for motivation include phones, electronic items
(T.V. D.V.D etc) beverages, sporting equipments etc. These gifts and presents
sometimes come from sponsors or philanthropists.
Athletes can
also be motivated by match bonus and goal bonus. Match bonus is given to every
member of a team after winning or drawing a match, and it is sometimes given
even when they are defeated depending on the circumstances or after the
performance of the team has been evaluated. On the other hand, the bonus given
for goal scored either goes to the team or the player that scored the goal.
Bonuses are financial incentives because they are usually paid in cash.
Media recognition
via print and electronic media companies plays a significant role in sports.
Journalist tends to report and telecast athlete or athletes that are performing
well in competitions and this goes a long way in motivating athletes to put up
a high performance in any competition.
Athletes
that are on top of their game usually appear on the pages of newspapers and
attend live sport programmes on radio and T.V stations, locally and
internationally. Media assessment propagates the athletes to concentrate on the
sport in which they partake in, knowing fully well that poor performance will
be criticized by the media and quality performance will be praised which will
in turn increase the value of such athlete locally and internationally.
Awarding of
scholarship is also an important motivational tool in tertiary institutions for
student-athletes. It is the most common way of motivating student-athletes that
performed well in inter-tertiary sport competitions. Most tertiary institutions
award scholarship to student–athletes that return from inter-tertiary sports
competitions (NUGA, WAUG, WUGA) with a medal. These scholarships take care of
their tuition fees for that academic session or subsequent ones.
All these
incentives or rewards were meant to boost and sustain the performance of this
special population called student-athlete in sports competitions organized for
tertiary institutions. This study therefore, shall investigate the perceived
effect of motivational tools on student-athletes performance in some sleeted
tertiary institutions in Lagos State.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study
seeks to examine the variational influence of motivational tools (financial and
non-financial incentives) on student–athletes performance, since it has been
generally established over the years that motivation influences athletes’
performance.
To some
people, athletes are better motivated to perform when the factors involved are
internal i.e. from within, such as determination to win, will power to excel
etc while some other people are of the
opinion that external motivational factors such as rewards or incentives
(financial or non-financial) motivate athletes better.
Therefore,
the problem of this study is that there is no clear cut as regards the
influence of internal and external motivational tools on student-athletes
performance. In this regard, the study shall investigate the influence of these
motivational tools on student–athletes performance in some selected tertiary
institutions in Lagos State.
1.3 PURPOSE
OF THE STUDY
The
purpose of this study was to show the
perceived effect of motivational tools such as bonus, cash donations from
sponsors, monetary allowance in training camp, scholarship, insurance policy,
material gifts and presents, awards, verbal or non-verbal encouragement ,
public recognition and media recognition on the performance of student–athletes
in some selected tertiary institutions in Lagos State, as well as the
techniques and strategies to be employed in preparing the athletes for a
desirable performance.
1.4 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
(1) Will financial incentives have any effect
on student-athletes performance in some sleeted tertiary institutions in Lagos
State?
(2) Will non-financial incentives have any
effect on student-athletes performance in some selected tertiary institutions
in Lagos State?
1.5 RESEARCH
HYPOTHESES
The
following hypotheses were tested in the study:
(1)Financial
incentives will have no significant effect on student – athletes performance in
some selected tertiary institutions in Lagos State
(2)Non-Financial
incentives will have no significant effect on student-athletes performance in
some selected tertiary institutions in Lagos State.
1.6
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study
is an addition to existing knowledge in the field of sports, and physical
education. It also serves as a basis for further studies as regards the
influence of motivational tools (financial and non-financial incentives) on
athletes’ performance. The study will be of great benefit to sport managers and
coaches as well as administrators as it will reveal the extent to which the
above mentioned motivational tools influences athletes performance. Moreso, the
institutions, and sports councils shall also find the results of this study as
a timely springboard to approach the management on obstacles impeding the
performance of their athletes in inter-tertiary competitions such as Nigeria
Colleges of Education Games (NICEGA), Nigeria Polythecnic Games (NIPOGA),
Nigeria University Games (NUGA), West Africa University Games (WAUG) and World
University Games (WAGA).
1.7
DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study
was delimited to:
(1)Two
selected Lagos State Tertiary Institutions
(a) Lagos
State University, Ojo
(b)
University of Lagos, Akoka
(2)Perceived
effect of motivational tools on student-athletes performance in the above
mentioned institutions was sampled through questionnaires.
(3)One
hundred and twenty respondents were selected as sample for the study.
(4)The
subject of the study included student-athletes (male and female) in each of the
institutions
(5)Data were
collected by the use of self-developed questionnaire.
1.7
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The
respondents felt bored in responding to the research instrument (questionnaire)
due to its quantity because it contains two sections (A and B) but the
researcher ensured that he persuaded them to patiently respond to the
questionnaire.
1.8
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
ü Goal: An
object of effort, target of achievement over a period of time.
ü Success:
An accomplishment or achievement of purpose
ü
Student-athlete: Refers to students who combine sports participation and their
academic undertakings in tertiary institution.
ü
Performance: This refers to the measure of achievement in training and
competition by an individual or team or institution in terms of quantity and
quality of output.
ü
Motivation: The force setting a person into action and sustaining it until a
particular target is achieved.
ü Sport: A
competitive situation of a formalized phase of game.
ü
Inter-tertiary sports: This implies various academic institutions for their
students.
ü Tools:
These are incentives (financial and non-financial) used to boost and sustain
the performance of students –athletes during training and competition.
ü Technique:
Methods of performance, it is the strategy used in teaching certain
skills.
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