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ROLE OF
HEALTH AGENCIES IN THE PROMOTION OF HEALTH
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1THE ROLE
OF HEALTH AGENCIES IN INSTITUTION OF LEARNING
Hydeno
(1992) opened that institution of learning are regarded as factories that
manufacture ideas for the present and future use of an individual who might be
fortunate enough to have found himself in any of the institution of learning.
Agencies
have found it very ideal to inculcate into student the various facets of
health. According to World Health
Organization (WHO), “Health is three integral parts. They can be defined separately. However, it should not be inferred that
health is visible. Each of these parts, together with the spiritual well being,
is closely related to an independents on the others for its proper functioning.
If one part is altered here is immediate reaction in the other parts” (Hydeno
1992). He stated that the health
agencies in institution of learning have helped each individual to know the
state of his or her health through the school, the teacher, home and community.
1.2 THE ROLE OF THE SCHOOL
He
classified that the school has been made to imbibe and inculcate into its students
those learning experiences in health. To
teach the variety of experience for purpose of improving attitudes, knowledge
and practices relating to health. To
teach the students the importance of health and to all intelligently in
conformity with its awareness.
The school
has been made to realize that the school age is the crucial and formative age
of the child, an age when it is easier to cultivate habits than when older,
realizing too the magnitude of the effect of poor health on the pupils learning
output, and realizing more over that the child tends to spend more of his life
in the school, it therefore becomes imperatives that both the school and the
teacher must accept fully the responsibility for the health of the pupils
placed under them.
Udoh (1991)
contended that the health agency in institution of learning includes the school
officer and his assigned main duties are:
1. He is charge with the responsibility
of developing and supervising the total school health programme.
2. He co-ordinates the school healthy
programme with other health agencies in the community including family doctors,
and local medical society.
3. Interprets to teachers the result of
student’s, medical, dental, or psychological tests.
4. He ensures that students needing medical
attention in schools where there are no school doctors are refereed to doctors
in general hospital.
5. He ascertains that student
recommended for special programmes, especially those placed on restricted
activities in physical education are
given adequate attention and their programme implemented as prescribed by
either a family or school doctor.
6. He checks students returning to
school after illness or injury and determines that students participating in
extra-curricular activities can do so without damage to their health.
7. He sources publicity for the school
health programme and sees that all staff member are award of the services
available to them.
8. The checking of the sanitary
environment of the school is his responsibility.
9. He arrange in-service course,
workshop and seminars for teacher especially the auxiliary health
instructors. He stated further that the
composition of the school health team and their main duties are as follow.
The success
of school health agencies depends upon the efficiency of the school health
teams. The school administration is
responsibility for finding the programme and recruiting qualified personnel for
the programmes. The health committee
gives guidance and leadership to the health education programme within the
school and cooperates with the community health council through duly –
appointed representative.
The school
doctor function as the school’s medical adviser. The physical educators, because of their
strategic position, observe children health behaviour and offer counsels.
The physical
educators also five health instructions to student on variety of topics. The nurse in school provides essential school
health care to the sick student in the absence of a medical doctor, and conveys
the injured and sick students to the nearest hospital for treatment. The nutritionist ensures balanced and
nourishing diet for the students, where food is provided by the school, and
well coordinated team work of those concerned with the implementation of school
health programme is the key to the success of the programme.
He stated
forward that a health agency is of paramount importance in our institution of
learning. With agencies, the school
realizes the need for health inspection and examination, the need of training
pupils in simple health skills and healthful school environment.
(1) THE NEED FOR HEALTH RECORDS:
Health
record for pupils are very essential.
The use of charts, graphs, and histographs would be found very
indispensable. Regular recording of the
pupils, age weight and height, is very essential as a useful way of observing
their growth habits. The teacher should
endeavor to put in more effort to chart out the growth and or development
pattern of each child, and put up such charts on a health display board. Pupils themselves tend to derive pleasure and
knowledge by themselves observing and interpreting their own growth curves or
patterns.
A prompt
report by the teacher to parents about any abnormal growth pattern of their
children would quite of the meet with satisfying professional reward. Besides this reward, such health records
would form a useful basis for the accurate forecast of the pupils possible
academic output, and thus facilitate the teachers, the teachers’ pedagogical
and remedial approaches. Health records help to build up care history for the pupils
which are very invaluable for diagnosis of latter health hazards.
(II) THE NEED FOR REGULAR HEALTH INSPECTION AND
EXAMINATION:-
The
detective and diagnostic values of daily routine health inspections are so
immense that the school timetable must be made to accommodate a few minutes for
daily health inspections. The routine is
most valuable in guiding the pupils to cultivate good health habits. It is importance that the pupils be inspected
in a single file in the morning by the teachers before the day’s work or lesson
commence. With the aid of health
agencies, pupils have been made to put up healthful look and to adhere to
health habit and regulation. They have
helped to establish.
A sort of
routine inspection like, routine medical check-up which must be organized by
the school.
There is the
routine medical dental examination for school children. Similarly, routine
X-ray may be needed to eradicate or prevent some infection diseases.
(III)THE
NEED FOR TEACHING PUPILS IN SIMPLE HEALTH SKILL:-
Taking
advantage of the formative and creative potentials which usually dominate this
stage of pupils’ developments, pupils would respond very favorable to training
in carrying out simple health skills.
They may be exposed to simple first aid techniques by encouraging the
formation of such organization as Red Cross,
scouting e.t.c health skills acquired through this process have a far
reaching effect on the future citizen for the society.
(IV)HEALTHFUL
SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT
Health
school living or environment is defined as everything that is being done “to
Provide at school, physical, emotional and social conditions which are of
benefits to the health and safety of teachers are the school children. The
school and the teacher are to recognize their crucial position amongst agencies
that must being about an urgent and lasting change for better in our
society. Pupils must be encouraged to
organize voluntary clear-up companies.
Pupils in top classes can organize the voluntary building of public
incinerators. By doing this, the teacher
and the school are leading the pupils to acquire the vital spirit of public
health.
The teaching
of physical education in school is very essential, in that it is a means of
ensuring physical health of pupils, which is indisputable in educational
practice, yet no educational practice is as the teaching of physical education
(Udoh 1992).
1.3 THE ROLE OF THE TEACHER
It is a
known fact that a teacher is a person who imparts moral value, academic
teachings, both physically, mentally, socially, emotionally and spiritually
into an individual for the proper development and systemic growth of an
individual in any institution of learning.
There is power in examples and “examples, are better than precept” they
say.
Quite often,
it is said that “Those who preach the gospel must always live by the gospel”
these two axioms must emphasize and point to the fact that the teacher must
possess and practice good wealth attitudes and habits in order to show and
demonstrate example to his pupils one of the very basic ability that is often
exhibited by school pupils, in the power of imitation. Pupils are easily damaged or ruined through
imitation of every bad habits or bad practices, hence the teachers who fail to
positively utilize the opportunity of such love for imitation by showing good
health habits. Teachers who display poor
habits like dirty and shabby dressing, un kept hair and beards, bad table
manners, poor toilet habit, un kept finger nails, spiting carelessly, before
his pupils are negative and very damaging too, his personality and
responsibility to the pupils, parents and the society at large.
He contended
that, it is however the duty of the school through the headmaster via the
teacher and the health agencies to :-
1. Understand each child’s health need
and interest for the development of high level health for each child.
2. Prevent defects disorder and provide
continues appraisal of each child’s health status.
3. Provides special health services for
the disabled and optional children.
4. Develop in the child a positive health
awareness and reduction in the incidence of communicable and non communicable
diseases.
5. Develop and application of destintic
factor as relate to health a huge level of self-esteem and social adjustment in
each child.
6. Develop healthful personal practices
and whole some health attitudes.
7. Provide emergency measure,
mentally-hygienic school environment and maintain sanitary practice and
surrounding.
He stated
forward that the objectives of the school health programme cannot be achieved
unless the various organs that constitute the health team function smoothly and
effectively.
1.4 THE ROLE OF THE HOME AND COMMUNITY
Hosstrup
(1989) stated that the roles played by the parents and health agencies and in
the promotion of school health cannot be overemphasized. In the homes, the
primary responsibility for the health of a child rests with the parent. The mother is usually the first teacher and
all the basic health habits are learn at home even before the child starts
school. The parents should be taught
either through the Mass-media or adult education, the important of sound health
of their children. There are numerous
desirable health practices which parents should know and inculcate into their
children, such as:-
1. Sanitation of home and its
surrounding including access to water supplies, if the main source of H20 is
well or spring, it is necessary that the water is boiled before drinking,
people disposal of human waste refuses and garbage is essential and usually
habit of throwing refuse around in the compound or street is undesirable. Optional use should be made of existing
environment sanitary conditions.
2. To take appropriate steps for the
prevention of home accident.
(a) Do not put medicine within the reach
of children
(b) Keep children away from the kitchen
(c) Do not use electrical appliances that are
faulty
(d) Do not improvise but repairs things
that are repairable and keep sharp knives away from toddlers.
3. To arrange for the best possible
hygienic sleeping conditions and to avoid overcoming.
4. To keep the immediate environment
free-from rodents and insects.
5. To wear clothing suitable for the
prevailing climatic condition.
6. To eat an adequate balanced diet in
order to ensure full working capacity, correct Weight control and to fulfill
dietary requirement which will enable the body to fight against diseases and to
avoid disease due to malnutrition.
7. To teach the children to wash hand
after defecation and before handling food.
8. To bath regularly and brush teeth in
the morning and before retiring to bed at night.
9. To make appropriate use in the care
fullness of the modern service available and to seek routine medical
examination and supervision as indicated of age and development.
10. To ensure that children obtain
communization as recommended by health authority.
11. Parents should know how budget and know
what priority to be give to each items such as food, clothing, shoes. House
etc.
12. Parents must ensure that children wears
shoes to school to avoid nail puncture.
He stated
further that, it should be emphasized that parents at home should be able to
learn more about their role in health promotion of children and hope that their
effort will lead to improvement in health promotion of children and propagation
of lives and that of the children to a degree greater than any previous ages
have seen. Prevention is better and cheaper than cure and as such parents
should work together to build a strong and healthy nation.
It is of
contributory fact and know that must Nigeria lives in every thing from house –
boast to free house and from poorly made huts or sheds to mansions-few like the
isolation of the desert hut or the mountain sheds while other love to have
their apartments in the city. Whether
rural suburbau, and urban living, all have their advocates within the
community. Costly their house as they purpose (an buy” is an American saying
which simply mean that a good home is worth what it costs. What you can afford to spend you should
spend, for the good home pays dividends far beyond its value in shelter. The enjoyment of community living, the
pleasure of gracious entertainment, and sheer physical comfort are but a few
example, the benefits to be gained from life in a superior, clear and hygienic
dwelling. Home and community as health agencies have to see to the proper
health development of their environment so as to be conducive enough for
habitation.
1. For comfort: - a good home must go a
step-further by providing comfort and protection. Cross ventilation is a must for comfort
during dry seasons and when the eat is great.
There must be prevention against unpleasant Odors. A highly personal
cleanliness must be reach by the community.
2. Proper lighting: - Every occupied room,
bathroom, included should have at least one window providing the greatest
possible illumination and this should be as much as possible without glare or
shadow.
Direct
sunlight is often advantageous particularly for the ill or invalid: Direct
sunlight is physically and psychologically stimulating and a remarkable source
of VITD in a house with children, space is as much a matter of comfort as of
health.
3. For mental health: -Rooms should be
shared only by persons of the same sex, for sleeping, young children should be
separated from their parents early and certainly by the age of four. Toilets, bathrooms and bedrooms should
be directly life provides those social
contracts expected in the home and in the community people cannot be mentally
healthy without them. A suitable
dwelling should have a living room or family room, one or more gathering
places, place a kitchen, dining room or area and whatever bedroom and bathroom
the family man need and can afford. The need for companionship as well as for
privacy can thus be satisfied to keep the family happy.
4. Cleanliness and Orderliness: - The
mentally healthy well-adjusted person can abide with extremes of cleanliness
and tidiness for short periods and can put up with disorders and disarray when
necessary cleanliness demands water in plenty at the right places, much of it under proper
pressure. What so supplied makes the
home a different world from one where water must be carried. Plenty of water inevitable means cleaner
people in a cleaner home. Where no harm
can come from getting dirty con however bring health danger.
5. Control of contagious diseases:-
contagious and infections disease play major role in Nigeria life. The kind of home, people live in, their size,
designed and quality have a great deal to do with the amount of illness cause
by communicable diseases. It is of
important that home be built in a way that gives bitter protection than just
building a house with poor quality and with bad material.
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