THE EFFECTIVE USE OF INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES IN IMPROVING THE TEACHING AND LEARNING SITUATION IN NIGERIAN SCHOOLS
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THE
EFFECTIVE USE OF INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES IN IMPROVING THE TEACHING AND LEARNING
SITUATION IN NIGERIAN SCHOOLS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Education,
according to Coombs (2000) consists of two components. He classified these two components into
inputs and outputs. According to him,
inputs consist of human and material resources and outputs are the goals and
outcomes of the educational process. Both the inputs and outputs form a dynamic
organic whole and if one wants to investigate and assess the educational system
in order to improve its performance, effects of one component on the other must
be examined. Instructional materials are print and non-print items that are
designed to impart information to students in the educational process.
Instructional materials include items such as kits, textbooks, magazines,
Newspapers, pictures, recordings, slides, transparencies, videos, video discs,
workbooks, and electronic media including but not limited to music, movies,
radio, software, CD-ROMs, and online services. Instructional material plays a
very important role in the teaching-learning process. It enhances the memory
level of the students. At this time, education has spread wide and the entirely
oral teaching cannot be the
key to successful
pedagogy; therefore, the
teacher has to
use instructional material
to make the teaching-learning process
interesting (Nicholls, 2000;
Raw, 2003). The use of instructional material can enhance
the learning achievement. Cronbac (2009) states the important elements of behaviour
that provides the base for learning theory.
Situations, the situation
consists of all
the objects, persons
and symbols in
learner environments. Experience in
situation prepares a
person to respond
to similar situation
in the future. Situation must be created in which
learner may feel satisfaction. Personal
characterizes under this heading we include all the abilities and all the
typical responses that the person brings to the situation.
Use of
instructional material can appeal to the individual attention by creating
interest. Goal: the goal of the learner is that he wishes to attain. Since
goals direct efforts, the teacher problem of motivation is essentially one of
arranging situation with instructional material in which the learner will see
goals he wants to attain.
Interpretation: Person interprets situation in
order to take action If
relevant aids are made available
it will be easy for a teacher and student to predict that what can be expected
to happen if various actions
are taken. Action:
A person chooses
whatever action he
expects to give
him the greatest satisfaction.
The use of
instructional material can
facilitate the decision
of a person
toward taking right action.
Consequence: Actions following by
their results are called consequences.
If instructional material is
used, the prediction
would be rewarding
and consequences will
justify the work done by person,
he will feel full satisfaction. Instructional material is used efficiently and
actively to facilitate the teaching-learning process in most of the advanced
countries. However, the
situation is not
good in most
of the developing countries as
well as in
Nigeria. Firstly, only
the lower quality
and the less
quantity of instructional material are
provided to schools.
In this way, the availability of instructional material is very less.
Secondly, teachers are not trained properly for using instructional. Thirdly,
teachers do not take interest in using the instructional material. Nigeria
government is spending a huge amount of money in the education sector; however,
the quality of education is very low.
There are many factors that are responsible for this sorry state of
affairs. Less availability and deficient use of instructional material is one
of them. This factor needs to be investigated thoroughly the actual data.
Instructional
resources which are educational inputs are of vital importance to the teaching
of any subject in the school curriculum.
Wales (2005) was of the opinion that the use of instructional resources
would make discovered facts glued firmly to the memory of students. Savoury (2008) also added that, a well
planned and imaginative use of visual aids in lessons should do much to banish
apathy, supplement inadequacy of books as well as arouse students’ interest by
giving them something practical to see and do, and at the same time helping to
train them to think things out themselves.
Savoury (2008) suggested a catalogue of useful visual aids that are good
for teaching history i.e. pictures, post cards, diagrams, maps, filmstrips and
models.
He said that selection of materials
which are related to the basic contents of a course or a lesson, helps in-depth
understanding of such a lesson by the students in that they make the lesson
attractive to them, thereby arresting their attention and thus, motivating them
to learn. He advocated the use of
pictures which will help children in grounding their thoughts and
feelings. He said that pictures are used
as alternatives to real objects where it is impossible to show students the
real objects, and they do serve effectively in tan imagined activities.
It is also very vital to have
sufficient and adequate human resources in terms of teacher quality for the
teaching of all subjects in the school curriculum. Without the teachers as implementing factors,
the goals of education can never be achieved.
In order to achieve a just and egalitarian society as spelt out in the
Nigerian National Policy of Education (2004), schools should be properly and uniformly
equipped to promote sound and effective teaching. Suitable textbooks, qualified
teachers, libraries which are adequate should also be provided for
schools. Scarcities of these, according
to Coombs (2000), will constraint educational system from responding more fully
to new demands. In order to raise the
quality of education, its efficiency and productivity, better learning
materials are needed. Knezewich
(2005) also stressed the importance of having appropriate personnel plan and
adequate physical facilities to support educational effort. However, this study
aimed at assessing the impact of instructional resources and its effective use
in improving the teaching and learning situation in big schools in Sagamu local
government area of Ogun state.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It is
generally accepted in the world that students’ performance is directly
influenced by the instructional materials applied. These instructional
materials are the key ingredients in learning. Barnett (2002) comments that
teachers should cover the materials in the curriculum and prepares students for
standardized tests. Students’ achievement in any teaching and learning
situation is very important. Unfortunately, students’ performance in secondary
schools in Nigeria has not been very encouraging as consistently highlighted by
scholars in education for past decade. This problem of poor performance is
apparently assuming a dimension that could affect the entire economy situation
in the country (Onasanya, 2002). Nevertheless, teachers have neglected the use
of instructional materials and in a way they have watered down student’s
motivation as far as learning is concerned. All these bring about poor
performance of the students. Many students are performing poorly year after
year in their examinations and this situation is growing worse. This in turn
opens their door to poor life thereafter. This poor performance may be brought
by non-innovative teachers who may not want to use the instructional materials
in the right way. Unqualified teachers may also bring this problem. In this
case it calls for a research to be carried out to find out exactly what the
problem is.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The aim of
this study is to investigate the impact of instructional resources and its
effective use in improving the teaching and learning situation in some selected
schools in Sagamu local government area of Ogun state.
Specific
Objectives of the Study
The study
will be meant:-
To identify
the availability of instructional material at the secondary school level.
§ To identify the extent of use of
instructional material at the secondary school level.
§ To determine how the use of visual aids
influence the students’ performance in Sagamu local government area of Ogun
State.
§ To find out whether learning environment
also influence the students’ performance in Sagamu local government area of
Ogun State.
§ To identify some guiding principles towards
optimal learning outcome at the secondary school level.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This
research will provide answers to the following questions:
(i) What extent do textbooks as part of
instructional materials influence the students’ performance in Sagamu local
government area of Ogun State?
(ii) To what extent does the use of visual
aids influence the students’ performance in Sagamu local government area of
Ogun State?
(iii) What is the influence of conducive
environment on students’ academic performance?
(iv) What are the alleviating measures for
combating the problems identified in this study?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
In order to
identify the variables and to accomplish the purpose of this study, the
following hypotheses were postulated in null form for the purpose of this
study:
H01 - There is no significant difference in the
performance of students in schools with adequate materials resources and the
performance of students in schools with inadequate material resources.
H02 - There is no significant relationship between
teacher’s appropriate methodology and students’ academic performance.
H03 - There is no significant relationship between
conducive learning environment and students’ learning ability.
H04 - There is no significant difference in
performance of students in schools with adequate supply of qualified teachers
and students in schools with inadequate supply of qualified teachers.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Eminent
scholars in education have express concern about the status of teaching and
learning in Nigerian secondary schools and lots of studies has been carried out
towards improving the teaching and learning condition. Despite all these,
effort needs to be place on the use of instructional materials in teaching, and
this form a basis for this study. Nevertheless, the importance of this study is
to enhance massive improvement in teaching and learning in Nigerian secondary
schools with the aid of instructional materials, so as to achieve better and
sustainable outcome in the nearest future.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of
this study covers the following secondary schools in Sagamu local government
area of Ogun State:
(i) Remo Divisional High School, Sagamu
(ii) Makun High School, Sagamu
(iii) Ofin High School, Sagamu
(iv) Methodist High School, Sagamu
1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study
is subjected to limitation and challenges that accompany any research work that
make use of questionnaire like; non-compliance of some respondents and
inadequate information regarding the problem under investigation. Finally,
financial and time constraints were also some of the challenges that pose a lot
of limitations on the scope of this study.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Instructional
Materials: Instructional materials are print and non-print items that are
designed to impart information to students in the educational process.
Instructional materials include items such as kits, textbooks, magazines,
newspapers, pictures, recordings, slides, transparencies, videos, video discs,
workbooks, and electronic media including but not limited to music, movies,
radio, software, CD-ROMs, and online services.
Teaching:
This is an act of imparting knowledge /skill to a person /learner about a
subject.
Learning:
This is a relatively permanent change in behaviour as a result of past
experiences. It could also be described as an act of acquiring knowledge or
skills. It is synonymously called ‘inclination’.
Teacher:
This is the person that impact knowledge to a learner for the purpose of skills
acquisition.
Affect:
These are the mitigating factors that disturbed the smooth and proper running
of an activity.
Schools:
These are institutions for educating children /learners or giving instruction.
It can also be described as a place where formal education is being given to
the learner.
Sustainable
Development: This is the development that meets the need of the present,
without compromising that of the future generations to meet their needs.
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